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12 Dec 2019

I am studying Sn2 sn1 e1 e2 reacions in Ochem.

About Sn1 and E1 reactions, for I know is that the leaving group can leave on its own.

Then how even these organic molecules exist??

How do they even floating around together to run Sn1 or E1 reactions?

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Jean Keeling
Jean KeelingLv2
13 Dec 2019

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Related questions

I am So lost on how to fill in the complete mechanism of the Sn1 and Sn2 reaction. I just don't understand.

Nucleophilic Substitution – Synthesis of an Alkyl Halide

Introduction

Alkyl halides can be prepared from alcohols by reactions with hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, or HI) via nucleophilic substitution. In this type of reaction, the nucleophile displaces a leaving group from a carbon atom of an organic substrate (here the alcohol once protonated). Both electrons of the new bond to the carbon are provided by the nucleophile while the leaving group departs with both electrons of its bond to the substrate. There are two limiting mechanisms that are most common in describing nucleophilic substitution reactions at sp3 carbon centres : (1) a direct displacement (SN2) process and (2) a process that generates an intermediate carbocation (SN1). Which mechanism is a better description depends on the structure of the molecule containing the leaving group, the nature of the leaving group, the size of the nucleophile, and the polarity of the solvent. This experiment is a near-perfect example of an SN1 substitution. H3C OH CH3 H3C + HCl H3C Cl CH3 H3C + H2O (Equation 1) In this reaction, you will prepare 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (t-butyl chloride) from 2- methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol) using HCl as the strong acid and chloride source. Note that HCl first activates the alcohol in an acid/base reaction before the SN1 reaction proceeds. The final product is characterized by its yield, boiling point, and density. The presence of a halide atom is confirmed with a silver nitrate test.

1) State which of the electrophiles given below will react preferentially by i) SN1, ii) by SN2, or iii) capable of reacting by either of the two mechanisms depending on the given conditions. How can you affect those conditions to favour SN1 or SN2? Reason your predictions based on the structures of the compounds. Br-CH3, Br-CH2CH3, Br-CH(CH3)2, Br-C(CH3)3, Br-CH2-C5H6; C5H6 = phenyl

2) Rank the nucleophiles given below based on high, mediocre, and low nucleophilicity and reason why based on their structures. HO-CH3, H2N-CH3, KO-CH3, KO-C(CH3)3

3) Name two solvents that are commonly used for SN2 reactions. because they considerably slow down SN1 reactions.

4) Can you ever have only SN2 or only SN1?

5) Iodine is a better leaving group than bromine. But iodine is a better nucleophile than bromine. Why is that?

6) Using orbitals, draw the transition state of the SN2 reaction between sodium cyanide and bromomethane. Which orbitals are interacting with which? Why is the bond breaking? Why is the orientation important? Is there another angle besides backside attack that could theoretically work based on orbital geometry? Why doesn’t this happen?

7) Name four reagents you can use to dry solvent. Why do we use magnesium sulfate in this lab instead of them?

8) Draw a mechanism with all the proper arrows for the reaction from this experiment.

9) What are we removing with the water wash? Why don’t we just add the sodium bicarbonate directly to the reaction mixture instead of doing a water wash?

What is the main purpose of this experiment?

What are some of the major assumptions of this experiment?

What are some major safety precautions for this experiment?

Qualitative Analysis of Group I Cations

Figure 1. Snack Mix

Are There any Cheese Flavored Snacks in the Mix?

You may have seen bowls of mixed snacks such as the one in Figure 1 at parties or in offices. Which one is your favorite? Some people prefer the salty pretzels, and some like the honey nuts, whereas others prefer the cheese flavored chips.

How do you tell if the bowl contains your favorite flavor snack? You will probably start by looking at the mix and see if you can spot it. If you do, then your search is done. You may however spot a similar snack but still be unsure about the flavor. You could then try to smell it to see if it smells familiar or go straight for the ultimate test: the taste test! Suppose you do not find the snack you are looking for, but you see another one that appeals to you. You will probably follow a similar pattern to identify the flavor of the snack. Similarly, qualitative analysis is used to check for the presence of ions in a mix or to identify unknown ions.

Qualitative Analysis of Ions

Qualitative analysis is used to separate and detect cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in a sample substance. The tests that are performed are not concerned with the amount of a substance in the sample as opposed to quantitative analysis, but only with a qualitative answer to the question of whether the substance is present in the sample or not.

The positively charged cations are divided into analytical groups. The groups are defined as sets of substances that can be precipitated with the addition of a single reagent. These groups are not to be confused with periodic system groups. Each cation group can be analyzed with a set of reactions to identify the presence or absence of each member of the group.

Group I Cation Separation and Identification

Qualitative analysis is made easier by the development of a standard scheme that can be followed step by step until all of the cations have either been detected or ruled out. For each group of cations, a flowchart of the scheme is prepared, and one can simply follow the steps and the decision branches in order. The flowchart for the group I cations is shown in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2. Flowchart for Separating and Identifying Group I Cations

Group I cations are silver (Ag+), lead (II) (Pb+2) and mercury (I) (Hg2+2). They can be precipitated from a solution as chlorides in a reaction with HCl. Among these three insoluble chlorides, lead chloride dissolves in hot water. Subsequently, to test whether the lead cation is present, potassium chromate (K2CrO4) is used. Lead cations react with chromate ions to form lead chromate (PbCrO4) as a yellow precipitate. Detection of the mercury (I) cation requires the addition of ammonia solution. This causes mercury (I) chloride to precipitate as the ammonium complex HgNH2Cl, and solubilizes silver chloride as an ammonium complex, [Ag(NH3)2]Cl. Last, the addition of nitric acid (HNO3) confirms the presence of silver ion as it precipitates as AgCl.

About This Lab

In this lab, you will test the identification reactions on individual samples of all three group I cations. You will then use your observations to detect the presence of the Group I cations in two unknown samples.

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