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13 Dec 2019

What is a spontaneous process and do spontaneous processes occur under all conditions? Does water spontaneously boil at 760 mm Hg pressure and at a temperature of 100 °C. Explain why or why not? What, if any, relationship exists between the spontaneity of a process and the rate at which the process occurs.

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Deanna Hettinger
Deanna HettingerLv2
17 Dec 2019

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Model 1 – Spontaneous Processes Process Description Change in Enthalpy (∆H) Change in Entropy (∆S) Spontaneous? A Two pure → Homogeneous substances mixture ~ 0 Increasing Yes B Solute on Solute on one side of → both sides of membrane membrane ~ 0 Increasing Yes C Polypeptide → Individual chain amino acids Exothermic (negative) Increasing (positive) Yes D C3 H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2 O Exothermic Increasing Yes E 6CO2 + 6H2 O → C6 H12O6 + 6O2 Endothermic Decreasing No F Glucose → Starch Endothermic Decreasing No G Water → Ice Exothermic Decreasing Below 0 °C, yes Above 0 °C, no H Cold water (25 °C) → Hot water (60 °C) Endothermic Increasing Below 60 °C, no Above 60 °C, yes

Some of the processes in Model 1 are spontaneous—that is, they will occur without any additional work being done on the system. For example, a solute will diffuse across a membrane until the concentrations of both sides are equal. However, glucose will not spontaneously form from carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that a process will be spontaneous when it results in an increase of total entropy in the universe. In other words, either the system or the surroundings must have an increase in entropy, or both. (Please note that the term “spontaneous” does not imply that the change will happen quickly. Rusting is spontaneous under the right conditions, but it can still occur very slowly.)

13. Predict the change in entropy of the surroundings for an endothermic reaction.

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