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13 Dec 2019

Can you please, paraphrase this sentences for me (type the answer please

(In a sugar crystal, the sucrose molecules are arranged in a repeating pattern that extends in all three dimensions, and all of these molecules are attracted to each other by intermolecular forcesâa type of interaction that binds molecules together and is weaker than the bonds between atoms in a molecule.(Tom Husband,October 2014)

When you add granulated sugar to water, some of the sucrose molecules start separating from one another because they are attracted to the water molecules (Fig. 3). When water and sucrose molecules are close to each other, they interact through intermolecular forces that are similar to the intermolecular forces between sucrose molecules.

The dissolving process involves two steps: First, the water molecules bind to the sucrose molecules; and second, the water molecules pull the sucrose molecules away from the crystal and into the solution.

In general, only a certain amount of a solid can be dissolved in water at a given volume and temperature. If we add more than that amount, no more of that solid will dissolve. At this stage, we say that the solution is saturated. The additional solid just falls to the bottom of the container.

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Lelia LubowitzLv2

17 Dec 2019

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Chemistry 162 Lab Activity

Introduction Water has an amazing ability to adhere (stick) toitself and to other substances. Hydrogen bonds form when hydrogenatoms covalently bonded to nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine(F) in the form of covalent compounds such as ammonia (NH3), water(H2O) and hydrogen fluoride gas (HF). In these molecules, thehydrogen atoms do not pull as strongly on the shared electrons asthe N, O, or F atoms. Therefore, the molecules are polar; thehydrogen atoms become positively charged and are able to formhydrogen bonds to negative ions or negatively charged parts ofother molecules (such as the N, O, and F atoms that becomenegatively charged in these compounds). Hydrogen bonds are not truebonds like covalent bonds or ionic bonds. Hydrogen bonds areattractions of electrostatic force caused by the difference incharge between slightly positive hydrogen ions and other, slightlynegative ions. These attractions are much weaker than true ionic orcovalent bonds, but they are strong enough to result in someinteresting properties.

In the case of water, hydrogen bonds form between neighboringhydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules. Theattraction between individual water molecules creates a bond knownas a hydrogen bond (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Hydrogen bonds shown as the dotted lines between watermolecules.
Cohesion Molecules of pure substances are attracted to themselves.This sticking together of like substances is called cohesion.Depending on how attracted molecules of the same substance are toone another, the substance will be more or less cohesive. Hydrogenbonds cause water to be exceptionally attracted to each other.Therefore, water is very cohesive.
Adhesion Adhesion is similar to cohesion, but it involves unlike(i.e. different) substances sticking together. Water is veryadhesive; it sticks well to a variety of different substances.Water sticks to other things for the same reason it sticks toitself â because it is polar so it is attracted to substances thathave charges. In this lab activity, you will be asked to use thematerials and procedures provided to explore the properties ofwater that involve both cohesion and adhesion. Be sure to writedown your observations and results as you progress. sults as youprogress.

Fig. 1

Hydrogen bonds shown as the dotted

lines between water molecules.

Part 1:

Exploring Water

Procedure

How many drops of water can you fit on the surface of a pennywithout the water spilling over?

Predict how many drops of water will fit on a penny. Record yourprediction.

Use the plastic pipette to drop water on the surface of a penny.Drop car

efully and slowly to fit as

many drops as possible on the penny. Count each drop until thewater spills over the side of the

penny and record your results.

Compare your results to those of your classmates. Record therange and calculate the average

number

of drops that fit on a penny.

Add more drops to the penny, without letting the water spillover. Carefully observe and draw the

water on the penny.

Record

a hypothesis for the behavior of water that you observed, usingthe language of cohesion

and adhesion

in relation to the water and the penny.

Record your results and

thinking in your notebook.

Can you

disturb

the water on the penny without spilling it?

dd drops of water to the penny, until the water is almost readyto spill over.

Predict what will

happen when you insert a toothpick into the surface of the waterpiled on the

penny. Record your prediction.

Insert the

toothpick

and carefully observe the surface of the water.

Try inserting the

toothpick

in various ways. Observe the surface of the water.

Pay special attention to

the water surface where the skewer enters the water.

Record your observations and draw what you see.

Repeat

these

procedures using a paper clip and the metal clip part of abinder clip. Try to indent the

pile of water as much as p

ossible without spilling it.

Record your observations and dra

w what you see, paying careful

attention to the surface of the

water.

Record

a hypothesis for the behavior of water that you observed usingthe language of cohesion

and adhesion in relation to the

toothpick

, the paperclip, the binder clip, and the water.

Record your results and

thinking in your notebook.would you please answer the questionfor me . Thanks

what is the article audiences?

provide sufficient and detail examples from the articles??

three articles features and explain?

please answer is thanks.

Kendrick Taylor looks over the WAIS drill That, at least, is the theory. But temperature can be exchanged between the poles through other channels, including the atmosphere, which moves heat faster than ocean currents do, says Bo Vinther, a postdoc at the Un versity of Copenhagen, who has worked on coring projects in Greenland and Antarctica. Ifpalaeoclimatologists see long lags between temperature changes at the poles when they stack the WAIS cores up against those from Greenland, that evidence would suggest a lead role for the ocean in the bipolar seesaw. But a shorter lag would suggest a more prominent role for theatmosphere. The CO2 record will help to answer this ques tion, too: CO2 from deep in the ocean, where arge masses of organic matter have decom. posed, has a different isotopic signature from terrestrial or atmospheric CO2. Heavier CO n the WAIS record would suggest that ocean. irculation bringing up deep water was largely responsible for the bipolar seesaw. With about a kilometre of ice left to pull up, Taylor is hopeful that the core will be complete by the end of the next drilling season. But the final metres can be the toughest to dig up because the drill's descent grows longer with each segment ofextracted core. "We can get it all done next season ifevery thing goes perfectly," he says. "But this is Antarctica. Every day is a surprise Chaz Firestone Mischler, J. A etai. Glob, Biogeochem, Cycles 23, GB4024 2009 22. Bluni & Brook, E. Science 291, 09-112 (2001 3. EPICA Community Members Nature 444,195-198 (2006) For more images from the camp, VeansoG. see go nature.com Altered microbe makes biofuel In a bid to overcome the drawbacks ames Liao, a metabolic engineer and of existing biofuels, researchers have synthetic biologist at the University of engineered a bacterium that can convert California, Los Angeles a form of raw plant biomass directly into LS9's calculations, performed with the clean, road-ready diesel. help of the Argonne National Laboratory So far, biofuels have largely been limited in Illinois, show that the biodiesel that it is to ethanol, which is harder to transport preparing to market reduces greenhouse than petrol and is made from crop plants gas emissions by 85% compared with such as maize (corn) and sugarcane, standard diesel. That calculation is based putting vehicles in competition with on using Brazilian sugarcane, which is hungry mouths. In this week's Nature a much more efficient feedstock than researchers from the University of maize LS9 says that the shift from sugars California, Berkeley, and the biotech firm to biomass as a feedstock would reduce LS9 of South San Francisco, California, greenhouse gases even further. among others describe apotential solution The company has been working to modified Escherichia coli bacterium that convert sugars into tailored molecules for can make biodiesel directly from sugar several years, says co-author Stephen del omponent The process has Cardayre, LS9's vice-president for research and development. hemicellulose, of plant fibre (see page 559 a lot of promise The method can be tailored However, their university to produce ahost of high for actually being collaborators went two steps value chemicals, including further, eliminating the need for commercialized molecules that mimic additives and then folding in the standard petrol, and could be expanded to ability to use hemicellulose asafeedstock. work on tougher cellulosicmaterials, the This a representation of the type researchers say. of efforts that are going to move us to The work identifies a potentially cost biomass," he says. effective way of converting grass orcrop The researchers basically amplified waste directly into fuel, filling gas tanks and then short-circuited E coli's internal without raising global food prices or machinery for producing large fatty-acid increasing hunger and deforestation i molecules, enabling them to convert far-flung locales. Moreover, the process precursor molecules directly into fuels is much more climate friendly than and other chemicals. The team then facturing ethanol from maize, and inserted genes from other bacteria to manu produces higher-energy fuels that are produce enzymes able to break down interchangeable with current petroleum hemicellulose. In all, the authors report products. The next step is to scale the more than a dozen genetic modifications process up and adapt it to cellulose, which The results could buoy LS9, says Mark makes up the bulk of plant material Bunger, a research director at business "It's a nice milestone in the field of consultancy Lux Research in San Francisco. biofuels, and it has a lot of promise for Like its competitors, including Amyris actually being commer rcialized," says of Emeryville, California, and South San Francisco-based S LS9 struggled for funding in 2008 and early 2009 because of the drop in oil prices and the economic downturn, Bunger says. But LS9 made it through, securing US$25 million in new funding from various sources, including a strategic partnership with oil giant Chevron last September. The company plans to open a commercial-scale demonstration plant later this year. eff Tollefso Switchgrass could be made into diesel cleanly and quickly.

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