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Explain five economic reasons why women have been so eager to increase their participation in the labor market, and why have men been so reluctant to increase their participation in house-work?

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Divya Singh
Divya SinghLv10
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

1. For each group identified in bold type below, use the labor-leisure choice model to explain the change in the quantity of leisure desired. Be sure to explain how the group's labor force participation rate is affected.

a) The earnings of married men have decreased, thereby reducing the non-wage incomes of married women.

b) Real wage rates for women have increased. Further, the substitution effect for women is stronger than the income effect.

c) Real wage rates for men have increased. Further, the substitution effect for men is dominated by the income effect.

d) Married women exhibit a stronger preference for market work over other non-market uses of time.

e) Social Security has increased benefits and widened coverage for older citizens.

Unemployment is one of the major concerns that people have in today’s economy, since losing one’s job can be one of the most devastating events a person can experience. But what do the numbers actually mean? What is the actual state of the economy, in terms of its ability to generate jobs for its citizens?

Questions:

What is the labor force participation rate? What was the labor force participation rate in 2008? How has it changed since 2008 and what does this change imply for the state of the economy? Does the labor force participation rate effect the unemployment rates reported in the media?

How is unemployment measured and reported?

What is a discouraged worker? Are they included in the basic unemployment rate? Are they included in any measure of unemployment? How has the number of discouraged workers changed since 2008? How does the exclusion of the discouraged worker affect the basic unemployment rate reported in the media?

What is frictional unemployment? What is structural unemployment? What is cyclical unemployment? What economic policies should be used to deal with these types of unemployment? Which type is most prevalent in today’s economy?

Unemployment insurance is designed to help the unemployed. Do these benefits encourage or discourage a person from looking for work? How long should these benefits last?

Does the existence of unions help or hurt the overall economy and the employment rate? Why or why not?

3. Over the past 35 years, an increasing number of mothers have gone back to work relatively quickly after giving birth. Consider a labor market where a worker’s wage is a function of his or her years of education past the compulsory level (E), work experience (X), and years of tenure with their current employer (T). Suppose the relationships between wages, education, experience, and tenure for males (M) and females (F) can be represented by the equations

WM = 3 + 0.5E + 0.4X + 0.2T

and

WF = 3 + 0.4E + 0.3X + 0.3T.

On average, E = 4, X =20, and T = 8 for men, while for women the averages are E = 4, X = 14, and T = 4.

A) Find the average wage of men and women. What is the ratio of female to male wages? What is the gap between women and men’s wages in percentage terms?

B) What wage would women earn if they had the same pre-market characteristics as men on average? What would be the ratio of women’s to men’s wages?

C) Express the amount of current wage discrimination in percentage terms.

Suppose in the analysis that years of tenure are either unmeasurable or unobservable to the researcher. As a result, the analysis produces the following wage equations.

WM = 4.6 + 0.5E + 0.4X

and

WF = 4.2 + 0.4E + 0.3X.

D) Find the average wage of men and women. What is the ratio of female to male wages? What is the gap between women and men’s wages in percentage terms?

E) What wage would women earn if they had the same pre-market characteristics as men on average? What would be the ratio of women’s to men’s wages?

F) Express the amount of current wage discrimination in percentage terms.

G) Does this (failing to include tenure in the model) overstate or understate the effects of gender discrimination?

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