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Europe and the U.S:

List and discuss the background differences as it relates to planning in Europe and the United States.

Choose one of the following nations: Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Germany.

Provide a comprehensive analysis related to key planning issues for the nation of your choosing.

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Joshua Stredder
Joshua StredderLv10
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Topic: Why is unemployment so high in Europe? Briefly discuss.

Optional reading: You can use any Web browser to search for the words “European unemployment.” Just by scanning the headlines, see how many possible explanations you can list. Why Is Unemployment So High in Europe? Between World War II and the mid-1970s, unemployment in Western Europe was low. From 1960 to 1974, for example, the unemployment rate in France never got as high as 4 percent. The worldwide recession of the mid-1970s, however, jacked up unemployment rates. But unemployment continued to climb in Continental Europe long after the recession ended, topping 10 percent during the 1990s, and was still 8 percent to 9 percent in 2007. Some observers claim that the natural rate of unemployment has increased in these countries. Economists have borrowed a term from physics, hysteresis (pronounced his-ter-eé-sis), to argue that the natural rate of unemployment depends in part on the recent history of unemployment. The longer the actual unemployment rate remains above what had been the natural rate, the more the natural rate itself increases. For example, those unemployed can lose valuable job skills, such as the computer programmer who loses touch with the latest developments. As weeks of unemployment stretch into months and years, the shock and stigma may diminish, so the work ethic weakens. What’s more, some European countries offer generous unemployment benefits indefinitely, reducing the hardship of unemployment. Some Europeans have collected unemployment benefits for more than a decade. No consensus exists regarding the validity of hysteresis. The theory seems to be less relevant in the United States and Great Britain, where unemployment fell from 10 percent in 1982 to 4.5 and 5.5, respectively, in 2007. An alternative explanation for high unemployment in Continental Europe is that legislation introduced there in the 1970s made it more difficult to lay off workers. In most European countries, job dismissals must be approved by worker councils, which consider such factors as the worker’s health, marital status, and number of dependents. Severance pay has also become mandatory and can amount to a year’s pay or more. With layoffs difficult and costly, hiring became almost an irreversible decision for the employer, so firms have become reluctant to add workers, particularly untested workers with little experience. Also, high minimum wages throughout Europe, high payroll taxes, and an expanded list of worker rights have increased labor costs. For example, in Sweden, women are guaranteed a year’s paid leave on having a child and the right to work no more than six hours a day until the child reaches grade school. Swedish workers are also guaranteed at least five weeks of vacation a year; French workers get at least six weeks (Americans have no minimum vacation guarantees). Regardless of the explanation, the result is high unemployment in Continental Europe, particularly among young workers. As noted in an earlier chapter, 60 percent of those unemployed in Germany in 2006 had been out of work more than a year, versus less than10 percent of those unemployed in the United States. Few private sector jobs have been created there since 1980. If Continental Europe had the same unemployment rate and the same labor participation rate as the United States, about 30 million more people there would be working there.

9. The unemployment rate is typically lower in the United States than in most European countries, and the duration of unemployment in the United States is much less likely to be one year or more than in Europe. For example, in December 2016, the unemployment rate was 4.7 percent in the U.S. compared to 8.2 percent that same month for the countries in the European Union. France’s unemployment rate in December 2016 was 9.6 percent.

Separately consider each of the following differences between the United States and most European countries. Explain whether each difference—considered separately—should make the unemployment rate higher or lower in Europe (relative to the United States). Include as part of your answer the type of unemployment that the factor would affect.

a) The United States spends much less on government training programs than most of Europe.

b) European countries typically have strict job-protection policies that require notification to the government and consultations with worker representatives before layoffs can be made.

c) In many European countries, workers are eligible for relatively-generous unemployment payments that often last for a year or longer. These unemployment payments can equal 70 percent of the wages that had been earned. Furthermore, some European countries generously provide income through social insurance programs even after eligibility for unemployment payments has been exhausted.

1. Which of the following groups of countries are all advanced economies?

   

Hong Kong, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom
   

Italy, the United States, China, and Russia
   

Singapore, Russia, France, and Chad
   

Australia, Brazil, and the United States

QUESTION 2

1. The most people live in ________ economies and the fewest people live in ________ economies.

   

developing; emerging market
   

advanced; emerging market
   

emerging market; developing
   

advanced; developing

QUESTION 3

1. Households and firms in the U.S. economy interact with those in the rest of the world in the ________ market and the ________ market.

   

goods; financial
   

government; goods
   

goods; factor
   

financial; factor

QUESTION 4

1. As a factor of production, oil reserves are counted as

   

labor.
   

capital.
   

entrepreneurship.
   

land.

QUESTION 5

1. ________ the owners of the factors of production, while ________ what amounts of those factors to hire.

   

Households are; the government determines
   

Firms are; households that determine
   

The government is; firms determine
   

Households are; firms that determine

QUESTION 6

1. The emerging market economies are

   

the nations that are currently agricultural in nature.
   

most of the nations of Western Europe.
   

the largest grouping including the nations of China and India.
   

in the transition from state-owned production to free markets.

QUESTION 7

1. In the United States, the productive factor that, as a group, receives the largest fraction of the nation's total income was

   

consumption of goods and services.
   

entrepreneurship.
   

capital.
   

labor.

QUESTION 8

1. Items bought by individuals to provide personal enjoyment are termed

   

personal goods.
   

consumption of goods.
   

consumption or investment goods.
   

standard goods.

QUESTION 9

1. In the advanced economies, ________ of the factories use advanced capital equipment and in the developing economies ________ of the factories use advanced capital equipment

   

virtually all; none
   

some; some
   

virtually all; virtually all
   

virtually all; some

QUESTION 10

1. The productive resource that includes all the "gifts of nature" is called

   

land.
   

labor.
   

entrepreneurship.
   

capital.

QUESTION 11

1. What would be an example of government good?

   

Donald Trump purchases furniture for his office.
   

Antonio, the manager of the local Taco Hut, purchases a new deep fryer.
   

The local driver's license office purchases a new digital camera and printer.
   

Jake buys an iPhone.

QUESTION 12

1. The world population is approximately ________ people.

   

2 trillion
   

680 million
   

6.8 billion
   

6.8 million

QUESTION 13

1. Computers and insurance coverage produced in the United States and sold to people in other nations are categorized as

   

U.S. exports of goods and services.
   

U.S. government goods and services.
   

foreign capital goods.
   

U.S. consumer goods and services.

QUESTION 14

1. Of the following, the federal government obtains most revenue from

   

corporate income taxes.
   

excise taxes.
   

sales taxes.
   

social security taxes.

QUESTION 15

1. Items bought by businesses to help produce other goods and services are called

   

capital goods.
   

government goods and services.
   

consumption of goods and services.
   

exports of goods and services.

QUESTION 16

1. The majority of the income earned in the United States is paid in

   

profit.
   

interest.
   

rent.
   

wages.

QUESTION 17

1. Dan missed class the day the professor covered the circular flow model. Dan asked his friend Joan to explain markets to him. Joan correctly stated that a market

   

must include a written contract between buyers and sellers.
   

requires a physical location for buyers and sellers to get together.
   

is only a place to purchase groceries.
   

is an arrangement that brings buyers and sellers together.

QUESTION 18

1. The United States possesses a large amount of human capital. As a result of this fact, in the United States, there is a

   

highly skilled and educated labor force.
   

a large number of kind and generous humans.
   

a large number of people and a great deal of land.
   

a large amount of machinery and equipment.

QUESTION 19

1. Which of the following correctly lists the categories of factors of production?

   

labor, machines, buildings, capital, and entrepreneurship
   

land, buildings, capital, and entrepreneurship
   

land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
   

forests, fish, buildings, capital, and entrepreneurship

QUESTION 20

1. Which of the following correctly lists the categories of factors of production?

   

capital, money, and labor
   

hardware, software, land, and money
   

land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
   

machines, buildings, land, and money

QUESTION 21

1. In the United States, the poorest 20 percent of households receive roughly ________ percent of total income.

   

10
   

3
   

15
   

20

QUESTION 22

1. What would be an example of a consumption service?

   

Jake buys an iPhone.
   

The local driver's license office purchases a new digital camera and printer.
   

Antonio, the manager of the local Taco Hut, purchases a new deep fryer.
   

Rhianna gets a haircut.

QUESTION 23

1. The total value of capital in the United States is around

   

$47 trillion.
   

$10 trillion.
   

$100 trillion.
   

$79 trillion.

QUESTION 24

1. An export good is a good produced

   

by foreigners in the United States and purchased by U.S. households.
   

in another country and purchased by U.S. residents.
   

in the United States and sold to foreigners living in the United States.
   

in the United States and sold in other countries.

QUESTION 25

1. ________ paid for the use of land; ________ paid for the services of labor; and ________ paid for the use of capital.

   

Interest is; wages are; profit is
   

Rent is; wages are; interest is
   

Rent is; interest is; wages are
   

Mortgages are; interest is; wages are

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