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23 Nov 2019

What are nucleic acids?

Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?

What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
4 Jul 2019
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Related questions

DNA questions - please be clear and descriptive. Thanks!
1. Describe secondary vs tertiary structure of DNA/RNA. How do they differ and how are they the same? What forces (noncovalent specifically) drive these structures?

2. What noncovalent interactions occur between ADJACENT base pairs in DNA? This is NOT in reference to A=T and C=-G, but if there are two AA's in a sequence, for example.

3. Describe the spectral properties of nucleic acids. How are these properties exploited for analysis of nucleic acids in the laboratory?

4. Hydrolysis of polynucleotides is thermodynamically favored (รฏยย„G = -25kJ/mol). If this is the case, why do DNA or RNA exist stably in cells?

Question 2. (25 Points) It is the year 2051, and you have been working on living, carbon-based organisms that you isolated on your last trip to the planet Mars. These organisms are surprisingly similar to humans and are made of proteins, lipids and have structures very similar to nucleic acids that are use to transfer information between generations. You find that the cells from these specimens thrive when they are allowed to stick to plastic, but die when you try to grow them on a surface to which they are unable to attach after you flood the plate with RGD peptides. You have a suspicion that the organisms use structures resemble proteins that you studied, almost 35 years ago, back at college. What cellular mechanism MOST LIKELY is leading to cell death in these organisms (5 points)? What is the amino acid sequence of the small peptides that you used to determine this (5 points)? In humans what structures resemble what you have found in the Martian specimens (5 points) and what is their function (5 points)?

1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides รขย€ย“ c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

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