314151 Final: FES Lecture Notes
24 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
`Lecture 1 – 1/3/16
London transport workers study – bus drivers sat 90% of the time had double the chance of
having a heart attack compared to bus conductors who are more active.
Physical activity – any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy
expenditure. All movements in everyday life
- Incidental physical activity is activity done all day, at home. Natural.
Physical Inactivity – an absence of physical activity or exercise.
Factors of physical activity:
FITT principle –
- F – frequency – how often
- I – intensity – how hard you work
o Relative - takes into account the individuals exercise capacity.
o Absolute – determined by the rate of work being performed, does not take into
account the physiological capacity.
o Borg scale measures intensity. Rates the athletes perceived exertion. Starts with 6
because resting heart rate is 60. (6-20)
- T – time – how long
- T – type – aerobic/ strength/ flexibility/ balance
Exercise – A subset of physical activity. Planned physical activity for recreation, leisure or
fitness. Has a specific objective.
Fitness – the goal of exercise is to improve/maintain fitness. It is the ability to carry out daily
tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue. Ensuring enough energy for the day. Both
health and skill related.
- HEALTH
o A set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to
perform physical activity.
▪ Cardiorespiratory - The ability of the circulatory and respiratory
systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during physical activity
▪ Muscular Strength - The ability of muscle to exert force against some
form of resistance in one effort.
▪ Muscular Endurance - The ability of a muscle to sustain repeated
contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.
▪ Flexibility – The ability of a joint to move through its full range of
movement across a joint. Decreases with age.
▪ Body Composition – The percentage of muscle, bone and fat in the body.
(BMI)
- SKILL
o
▪ Agility the ability to start/stop and move the body quickly and in
different directions.
▪ Balance – A kind of coordination, which allows you to maintain control
of your body while stationary or moving.
▪ Coordination – ability to do a task integrating movements of the body
and different parts.
▪ Power – ability to combine speed and strength in one movement.
▪ Reaction Time – the time required to start movement after a stimulus.
▪ Speed – Ability to move your total body quickly from one point to
another.
Sport – Type of exercise that is usually planned, competitive and includes particular rules.
National Physical Activity Guidelines –
1. Think of movements as an opportunity not an inconvenience.
2. Be active everyday in as many ways as you can.
3. Put together at least 30 mins of moderate intensity physical activity
4. Also enjoy regular vigorous activity for extra health and fitness
Sedentary lifestyle:
The type of lifestyle that does not involve any physical activity or exercise. This can increase risk
of health problems.
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Active lifestyle:
Being active and performing some sort of physical activity for over 150 minutes a week.
Health:
The state of being in complete physical, mental and social well being. It is not the absence of
illness or disease.
Lecture 2 – 8/3/16
Career Paths
Lecture 3 – 15/3/16
The Digestive System
The digestive tract is a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. It has accessory organs (glands
that secrete fluids into the canal) that help break down foods.
Food goes in the oral cavity (mouth), down the pharynx and esophagus, into the stomach where
it goes to the small intestine (where the accessory organs are), the large intestine and then
through to the anus.
Functions of the digestive system
1. Ingestion – the introduction of food to the oral cavity.
2. Mastication – food is mechanically broken down to increase surface area so enzymes can
start chemical digestion.
3. Propulsion – the movement of food through the digestive system.
➢ Swallowing – moves the bolus from oral cavity to the esophagus.
➢ Peristalsis – wave of smooth muscle contracting behind the bolus to propel
forward and then the relaxation of smooth muscle in front of the bolus.
➢ Mass movements – contractions that move material in the large intestine.
4. Mixing – food is mixed with digestion secretions to help with the break down of the food
into smaller parts.
5. Secretion – purpose is to break down the food. Mucus covers the entire digestive tract to
help lubricate. It also coats the stomach, esophagus and intestine to protect the epithelial
cells from the stomach acid. Enzymes secreted from the pancreas, small intestine and
stomach break down the food.
6. Digestion – Mechanical (mastication) and chemical (enzymes) digestion.
7. Absorption – Molecules move out of the digestive tract into the circulatory or lymphatic
system. Movement is achieved through diffusion (movement of air from high-low
pressure), osmosis (movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane), facilitated
diffusion (molecules combine with a carrier protein and cross the membrane), active
transport pumped across , endocytosis (plasma membrane wraps around the
molecule and carries it away) or
(waste products are eliminated from the body via. Defecation.
The main aim of the digestive system is to break down foods to smaller molecules that can be
absorbed into the circulatory system.
Histology of the digestive tract
There are 4 layers:
1. Mucosa – inner most layer that secretes mucous.
2. Submucosa – nerves, lymphatic, blood vessels and small glands.
3. Musculairs – smooth muscle – two circular layers and a longitudinal layer.
4. Serosa – smooth layer that covers the digestive tract.
Regulation of the digestive system
Nervous Regulation
- Enteric nervous system (ENS) is within the wall of the digestive tract. It controls blood
flow and propulsions
Chemical Regulation
- Neurotransmitters - Acetylcholine stimulates and norepinephrine inhibits digestive
secretion and movement.
- Hormones – Endocrine secretions – serotonin, gastrin, secretin.
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- Paracrine secretions – histamine.
Levels of the Digestive System
1. Oral Cavity
- Assists with mastication of food.
- Incisors and canines tear and cut food.
- Molars and Premolars grind and crush food.
2. Salivary Glands
- Acinar glands made up of acini. Saliva is made up of serous and mucus secretion.
- Three large salivary glands .
o Parotid – Largest, serous gland and secretes watery saliva.
o Submandibular – mostly serous and some mucus glands.
o Sublingual – some serous, mostly mucous glands.
- Function of saliva
o Keeps the oral cavity moist
o Acts as lubricant for the esophagus
o Begins digestion – amylase breaks down 3-5% of carbohydrates.
o Protective functions – washes foods, contains bicarbonate ions.
3. Pharynx
- Three parts
o Nasopharynx – not associated with digestion
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx
- Epiglottis covers the larynx to prevent food going down air passages.
- Uvula and soft palate prevent food going into the nasal cavity.
4. Esophagus
- Extends from the pharynx to the stomach and is posterior to the trachea. It travels
through the opening of the diaphragm ()
- Swallowing phases
o Voluntary phase – bolus is moved by the tongue posteriorly.
o Pharyngeal phase – soft palate elevates pushing the bolus into the pharynx and
the epiglottis closes the larynx.
o Esophageal phase – peristaltic waves move the food towards the stomach.
- Peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal walls (parietal) and
lines the organs (visceral)
- Organs inside the peritoneal cavity is called INTRAperitoneal
- Organs outside the peritoneal cavity are called RETROperitoneal
5. Stomach
- Pyloric sphincter regulates the release of food from the stomach into the small
intestine
- Food exits 3-4 hours after digestion.
- Liquids exits hour after digestion
- Submucosa and mucosa are rugae (folded) which increases the surface area and
expands when the stomach is full. The inner most layer forms gastric pits which are
openings of the gastric glands. 5 types of epithelial cell make up a gastric gland.
i. Surface mucous cells
ii. Mucous neck cells – produces an alkaline mucous which protects the stomach
lining from digestive acids.
iii. Parietal cells – secretes hydrochloric acid, kills bacteria,
iv. Chief cells – secretes pepsinogen (converts to pepsin when in the stomach)
which breaks down proteins and gastric lipase which breaks down fats.
v. Endocrine cells – produces regulatory hormones such as histamine that
stimulates secretion of acid from parietal cells.
Regulation of the stomach secretions
i. Cephalic Phase or phase. Stimulus is caused by the smell, taste or thoughts of
food. Secretion of stomach mucosa. Release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine that
increases chief and parietal cell secretions. Stimulates secretions of Gastrin and
Histamine. Gastrin and Histamine stimulates parietal cell secretion also.
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Document Summary
Incidental physical activity is activity done all day, at home. Natural. having a heart attack compared to bus conductors who are more active. Physical activity any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. London transport workers study bus drivers sat 90% of the time had double the chance of. Physical inactivity an absence of physical activity or exercise. I intensity how hard you work: absolute determined by the rate of work being performed, does not take into. T type aerobic/ strength/ flexibility/ balance. Fitt principle : relative - takes into account the individuals exercise capacity. because resting heart rate is 60. (6-20) account the physiological capacity. Planned physical activity for recreation, leisure or fitness. Fitness the goal of exercise is to improve/maintain fitness. It is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue. Both health and skill related: borg scale measures intensity.
