PHYL2001 Study Guide - Final Guide: Sweat Gland, Adrenal Gland, Vagus Nerve
CNS: ORAL TOPICS POINTERS PHYL2001
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
-CRH in hypothalamus -> stimulates ACTH in APG -> adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids!
-Cortisol is a type of glucocorticoids!
-cortisol prevents WBC going to site of infection, and decreases antibody production = good for
suppressing immune system eg.a asthma !
-Asthma is allergic disorder!
-negative feedback effect, decrease production when high levels = can cause irreversible
atrophy of adrenal gland (aspirin and ibuprofen does not do this)!
-Side effects: thinning of bones, menstrual irregularity !
COLD MEDICINE ON ANS PATHWAY
-Secretions are ECF from mucosal surface of nasal cavity (by conchae)!
-mucous: defense mechanism against pathogens that cause irritation/inflammation/allergies!
-SNS: vasoconstriction, decreases mucous secretion!
-PNS: vasodilation, increases mucous secretion!
-Cold medicines are decongestants = decreases mucous secretion, by stimulating alpha
adrenergic receptors by mimicking or enhancing SNS pathway, acting as NA (agonist on
adrenergic receptors) -> bind onto alpha 1 (selective) receptors = SNS stimulated = decreased
mucous secretion !
-OR non-selective which can cause side effects like hypertension!
DIABETIC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY (DAN)
-Damage to nerves that control ANS = complication of diabetes, common!
-= causes high BG and TG in blood!
-DAN causes: damage nerves over time due to high BG and TG = affects both PNS and SNS of
ANS!
-Affects longest nerves first (vagus nerve) = 75% of PNS activity!
-Symptoms: CVS - tachycardia, GI - diarrhoea, GU - sexual dysfunction, metabolic -
hypoglycaemia unawareness!
-Treatment: actions to oppose the effects with medications (for BP, sexual dysfunction, urinary
assistance)!
ANS ALLEVIATE HEAT STRESS DURING EXERCISE
-when ATP produced and used by muscle, the phosphate bond broken = releasing high energy
for muscle (20-25% used by muscle, the rest are released as heat = raising core temperature)!
-Thermoregulation by thermoreceptor -> via dorsal horn of SC -> sweat secretion and
vasodilation (SNS)!
-Sweat secretion: sweat gland innervated by cholinergic nerve + ACh (SNS)!
-Sweat gland: eccrine, travels up gland into skin!
-It absorbs heat energy from skin: cool down (when evaporate)!
-Vasodilation: cutaneous vasodilatory system (SNS) -> cholinergic and ACh, by posterior part of
hypothalamus!
-Blood redirected to surface of skin = heat conducted to surface of skin, heat can be transferred
to sweat -> evaporate!
Document Summary
Crh in hypothalamus -> stimulates acth in apg -> adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids. Cortisol prevents wbc going to site of infection, and decreases antibody production = good for suppressing immune system eg. a asthma. Negative feedback e ect, decrease production when high levels = can cause irreversible atrophy of adrenal gland (aspirin and ibuprofen does not do this) Side e ects: thinning of bones, menstrual irregularity. Secretions are ecf from mucosal surface of nasal cavity (by conchae) Mucous: defense mechanism against pathogens that cause irritation/in ammation/allergies. Or non-selective which can cause side e ects like hypertension. Damage to nerves that control ans = complication of diabetes, common. = causes high bg and tg in blood. Dan causes: damage nerves over time due to high bg and tg = a ects both pns and sns of. A ects longest nerves rst (vagus nerve) = 75% of pns activity.
