BIOL 205 Study Guide - Comprehensive Midterm Guide: Gastrointestinal Tract, C4 Carbon Fixation, Gastric Acid
Document Summary
Hierarchy of biological organization: organisms are at an intermediate level, each hierarchical level has emergent properties that is not found at lower levels. Organisms eat and reproduce, but not the individual body cells: 2 approaches in biological studies reductionist approach making reference to processes at lower levels eg. feeding of organisms properties of digestive system reproduction of organisms properties of endocrine system. Emergent properties reference to higher levels eg. predation/feeding of organisms coevolution with competitors in the community. Thermodynamic characteristics: thermodynamically open but organizationally closed systems. Positive feedback enhance the stimulus (eg. sneezing, vomiting, birth) Negative feedback reduce the stimulus (most feedback loops) Set point desired temperature set by the heat control. Inverting amplifier heat turned on, compensating the temperature drop due to cold air. Inverting amplifier nerve cell signaling the muscle that controls breathing increase breathing and reduce co2 level. Complex systems involve more than 1 feedback loop. E. g. cell respiration: controlled system ldh & pdc.
