ANTHROP 2AN3 Study Guide - Final Guide: Adzuki Bean, West Germanic Languages, Phaseolus
26 Jun 2018
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The word "bean" and its Germanic cognates (e.g., Bohne) have existed in common
use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century,[1] referring to
broad beans and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the New World genus
Phaseolus was known in Europe. After Columbian-era contact between Europe and
the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus, such
as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus Vigna. The term
has long been applied generally to many other seeds of similar form,[1][2] such
as Old World soybeans, peas, chickpeas (garbanzo beans), other vetches, and
lupins, and even to those with slighter resemblances, such as coffee beans,
vanilla beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans. Thus the term "bean" in general
usage can mean a host of different species.[3]
Seeds called "beans" are often included among the crops called "pulses"
(legumes),[1] although a narrower prescribed sense of "pulses" reserves the word
for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain. The term bean usually
excludes legumes with tiny seeds and which are used exclusively for forage, hay,
and silage purposes (such as clover and alfalfa). According to the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization the term bean should include only
species of Phaseolus; however, enforcing that prescription has proven difficult
for several reasons. One is that in the past, several species, including Vigna
angularis (adzuki bean), mungo (black gram), radiata (green gram), and
aconitifolia (moth bean), were classified as Phaseolus and later reclassified.
Another is that it is not surprising that the prescription on limiting the use
of the word, because it tries to replace the word's older senses with a newer
one, has never been consistently followed in general usage.
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Document Summary
The word bean and its germanic cognates (e. g. , bohne) have existed in common use in west germanic languages since before the 12th century,[1] referring to broad beans and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the new world genus. After columbian-era contact between europe and the americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of phaseolus, such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus vigna. Thus the term bean in general usage can mean a host of different species. Seeds called beans are often included among the crops called pulses (legumes),[1] although a narrower prescribed sense of pulses reserves the word for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain. The term bean usually excludes legumes with tiny seeds and which are used exclusively for forage, hay, and silage purposes (such as clover and alfalfa).
