BIOLOGY 1M03 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Woodlouse, Phototaxis, Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval
20 May 2018
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Hybridization Experiments !
(lovebirds)"
Fischer’s: Long strips, no tucking"
Peachfaced: short strips, tucking "
Hybrid: middle length strips, no
tucking. (Shows elements of
both parent species’ behaviour)"
"
Behaviours are a result of both
genetic and environmental
factors
Innate vs Instinctive Behaviour "
Innate: Developmentally fixed
inborn"
Instinctive: Develops in animals
with adequate nutrition shaped
by learning "
Displayed on functional form
during first performance
Proximate vs Ultimate Causation"
Proximate: How behaviour is
initiated or triggered. Genetic or
physiological mechanisms that
lead to a behaviour e.g. Zebra
hearing an alarm call and run
away (PC is the alarm call)"
Ultimate: Why a behaviour exists "
Adaptive value (effect of
reproductive success or
evolutionary origin of observe
behaviour) e.g. running because "
It wants to survive
Optimal Foraging Behaviour "
Animals forage to maximize the
amount of intake of usable NRG
with costs and risks of finding
and ingesting food. "
e.g. worker bees forage nectar
not only for themselves, but for
their whole hive community OF
predicts that this bee will forage
in a way that will maximize its
hive’s net yield of NRG
Fixed Action Pattern"
Stereotyped innate behaviour,
conducted to completion once
activated by a sensory cue"
e.g. grey goose egg retrieval
behaviour"
Recall: Greygoose will think
anything round is an egg and will
nudge it under itself and will
carry the motion out until the
end
Sign Stimulus"
Externally sensory stimulus,
triggers the FAP (external) "
e.g. the round thing: goose will
want to roll it "
Releaser"
Sign stimulus that’s a signal from
one individual to another "
e.g. stickleback fish red belly on
female will trigger the interest to
mate in males "
Learned Behaviours"
-Durable, adaptive"
-Modified by experience"
-Constrained by evolution
(genetics)"
-increases behaviours overtime "
-related to maturation (ex
changes in neuromuscular
system)
Types of Learning"
Habituation "
Imprinting "
Associative Learning "
–Operant conditioning"
–Classical conditioning "
Insight learning"
Observational Learning "
Other Types of Behaviours "
Play "
-develops skills in predators like
agility, movement etc"
Kinesis "
Change in NRG rate in response
to stimuli, randomly."
e.g. sow bugs and moisture "
Taxis"
Specific directed motion in
response to an external stimuli
(e.g. light and food)"
e.g. bug phototactic, flatworms
are negatively phototactic
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Direct vs Indirect Fitness"
Direct: number of offspring an
individual produces"
Indirect: Number of relative
produced multiplied by the
degree of relatedness to those
individuals "
Hamilton’s Rule"
Br > C"
r=coefficient of relatedness "
(1/2 for parents/siblings, 1/4 for
uncles and nieces, 1/8 for
cousins) "
C= cost of the altruistic act to
the donors.
Features of Modern
homosapiens"
-Large round skull with high
forehead"
-Small face and teeth"
-less robust post cranial
skeleton"
-long limbs"
Sexual Selection"
Intrasexual (male to male)"
Intersexual (female choice)"
Femaes are usually choosy in
regards to mating "
Females: Invest more in young "
Males: Success=availability to
eggs "
Sexual Role Reversal"
Males selective and caring for
offspring, females compete for
males. "
e.g. waterbeetles, seahorses,
pipefish
Agonistic Behaviour"
threatening/submissive
behaviours "
Involves a contest (food, mates,
etc)"
e.g. Gorillas pounding chest and
hair raised "
Altruistic Behaviour "
Reduces individual’s fitness but
benefit’s recipients behaviour "
e.g. scrub jays (mating season)
and vampire bats (blood)
Mitochondrian Eve"
•DNA is circular "
•Can only come from mother"
•Comes form one woman in
Africa "
•All mitochondria
chromosomes are stemmed
from her"
Evidence Humans Interbred with
Neanderthals and Denisovans "
-TMRCA of y chromosomes
(NRY) "
- no recombination of mtDNA "
-Mutations analyzed by gene
trees"
-low genetic diversity "
>recent evolution "
-Mitochondrial Eve"
-Maps"
-Diversity "
Human Variation "
Genetic"
-Governed by evolution
(mutation, genetic drift,
selection, recombination)"
Environmental "
-climate change, habitat, culture,
body weight, competing species"
Within Groups"
-Selection mutation balance and
balanced polymorphism "
Among Groups"
-lactase persistence, gene flow
between populations, people in
different parts of the world
Upper Palaeolithic Features"
•big game hunters"
•diverse vegetations"
•clothes, rituals, art"
•shelters "
•transport tools long
distances"
Compared to neanderthals:
healthier, lived longer, higher
population density"
Tools:"
-spears, throwing sticks"
-heat treated stone, bone tools,
knives, points, drills etc
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Hybrid: middle length strips, no tucking. (shows elements of both parent species" behaviour) Behaviours are a result of both genetic and environmental factors. Instinctive: develops in animals with adequate nutrition shaped by learning. Genetic or physiological mechanisms that lead to a behaviour e. g. zebra hearing an alarm call and run away (pc is the alarm call) Adaptive value (e ect of reproductive success or evolutionary origin of observe behaviour) e. g. running because. Stereotyped innate behaviour, conducted to completion once activated by a sensory cue e. g. grey goose egg retrieval behaviour. Externally sensory stimulus, triggers the fap (external) e. g. the round thing: goose will want to roll it. Recall: greygoose will think anything round is an egg and will nudge it under itself and will carry the motion out until the end. Sign stimulus that"s a signal from one individual to another e. g. stickleback sh red belly on female will trigger the interest to mate in males.
