KINESIOL 3H03 Study Guide - Final Guide: Big Five Personality Traits, Exercise Intensity, Autonomic Nervous System
10 Jan 2017
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6) Theory Based Determinants: ___________________________________________________________
Context: Theory-based determinants that are foundational for the development of targeted
interventions.
• Limitations of extant literature: Little work completed investigating the environment and
contextual factors relate to PA. Traditional Theory-based work requires retrospective reporting
on perceptions, thoughts, and feelings related to PA.
Recalling over time: increase changes of recall error/biases over time. Generalized responses raises
questions around ecological validity.
• Recall Bias: Systematic error caused by differences in the accuracy or completeness of the
recollections retrieved by study participants regarding events or experiences from the past.
• Recall Error: Simply forgetting or misremembering.
Generalized Responses: Questions of mood and feeling states (how often in the last two weeks do you
feel?.... Difficult to generalize). How do you CURRENTLY FEEL. Intentions to do activity in the next 2
hours.
Ecological Momentary Assessment: Eliciting multiple recordings of momentary thoughts, feelings &
Behaviours. Smartphones ubiquitous among youth populations.
Moving U Study: 98 1st year university students mean age 18. Completed a baseline questionnaire,
given an accelerometer and an EMA app. Received EMA prompts via the app 7x per day.
• WHY EMA data?:Understand: The context for which PA behaviours are occurring during the 1st
year university. relationship between emotional regulation and PA. Relationship between acute
intentions and outcome expectations to short-term PA.
8) Personality and Exercise:______________________________________________________________
Personality: Underlying, relatively Stable, psychological structures and processes that organize human
experience and shape a person's Actions and Reactions to the environment. An individual's unique but
consistent psychological make-up.
Structure of Personality: Psychological core, Typical responses, role-related behaviours, All are
influenced by the social environment... Role-related behaviours most influenced by environment.
• Psychological Core: indicative of what the person is "really" like. Basic attitudes, values, etc..
Most difficult to change. Want to understand this to make any further assumptions about a
person.
• Typical Responses: usual manner in which we respond to different environmental situations.
Frustration, anxiety, humor etc. We use a person's typical responses to determine their
psychological core. Must be based on one-time response.
• Role-Related Behaviour: Most superficial aspect. Engage in these behaviours to fit the
environment we perceive. As our perceptions change our superficial behaviours change. Not a
good indicator of a person's psychological core.
Approaches to Personality: Both approaches endorse an interactionist perspective: both the individual
and environment are important in determining behaviour.
• learning/Situational Approaches: Emphasis on Environment. Includes conditioning/behaviourist
or social learning theories.
• Dispositional/ Trait Theories: Emphasis on Individual. Includes biological and trait theories.
Biological Theories of Personality: ancient Greek theory of humors & Constitutional theory (Sheldon).
(Individuals possess certain somatotypes/ body types).
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• Traits: Relatively enduring dispositions that exert a consistent influence on behaviour in a
variety of situations.
• State: The psychological reaction to the situation in which the individual finds him/herself.
Trait Theories of Personality: emanate from inside the person not the situation. Personality consists of
specific traits and more general traits. Theories differ as to the number of general traits they propose.
• Eysenck's Personality theory:
o Extraversion-Introversion (E): Outgoing, sociable, optimistic or reserved, unsociable,
quiet. Driven by level of cortical arousal in the cortex of brain. reticular formation
mediates cortical arousal.
▪ Introverts: higher base level activation, avoid further stimulation, low pain
tolerance.
▪ Extroverts: lower base level activation, seek further stimulation, high pain
tolerance.
▪ Extroversion & Exercise: increased stimulation & adoption/adherence, higher
pain tolerance, preference for higher intensity activity, lower RPE, overall
greater likelihood of PA.
o Neuroticism (emotionality)-stability (N): Tense, anxious, moody or calm, even-
tempered. Driven by limbic system and autonomic nervous system. ANS drives flight or
flight response. High Neuroticism= more labile, longer-lasting ANS reactions. Continues
to process stressor even when it is no longer present.
▪ Neuroticism & Exercise: exercise causes more stability and less neurotic
personality.
o Psychoticism-superego (P): Impulsive, aggressive, hostile or empathetic, cooperative,
altruistic. Driven by hormonal function. Increased androgen (testosterone) and relative
absence of serotonin. Lead to heightened aggressiveness, impersonal attitudes, and
antisocial behaviour. Very little attention in exercise domain. can be advantageous in
certain sport situations.
• Five Factor Model: OCEAN.
o Openness to Experience:
o Conscientiousness: Increase self-reported exercise, adaptive exercise patterns,
advanced exercise stages.
o Extraversion-Introversion: Increased moderate and strenuous exercise behaviour, self-
reported exercise, adaptive exercise patterns, advanced exercise stages, exercise
dependence.
o Agreeableness: Decreases exercise dependence.
o Neuroticism: Decreases exercise adherence, self-reported exercise, adaptive exercise
patterns, advanced exercise stages & Increases exercise dependence.
Other Personality factors In exercise Research:
• Self-Motivation: not a lot of support for the model. But it's still important to know.
• Type A Behaviour Pattern: Anger, hostility, competitiveness, achievement striving etc.
o Type A: Increased: risk of CVD, Effort, Intensity, Physiological activation, stress
responses, negative affective responses. Decreases: adherence rates, ratings of
perceived exertion.
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o Type B: Increased: Adherence rates, increased ratings of perceived exertion. Decreases:
Risk of CVD, effort, Intensity, Physiological activation, stress responses, negative
affective responses.
• Gender-role orientations: Feminine (expressive) individuals avoid masculine (instrumental)
activities when given a choice.
• Hardiness: Sense of control over events; life events are challenges and opportunities. Related to
a tendency to engage in more healthful behaviours.
Practical Recommendations: More research is needed to discern which personality factors are
important for PA behaviour. Exercise may be beneficial for those who are more emotional (neurotic, less
emotional stable). "Exercise Dose should be the same as given to improve fitness and encourage weight
loss" Consider personality type when prescribing exercise. Include some type of aerobic activity (seen to
influence personality factors.)
9) Self-Perception & Anxiety:_____________________________________________________________
Self-Esteem: How I feel about who I am: How a person feels about him/herself (evaluative). Influences
and is influenced by all aspects of life.
• Rosenberg self-esteem scale: Indicate the degree to which you agree to the following
statements. I feel like I'm a person of worth, good qualities, feel like a failure, equal to most
people, have much to be proud of, positive self-attitude, satisfied with myself, more respect for
myself, useless at times, no good at all etc... (From 1-5. strongly disagree to Strongly agree)
• Exercise and Self-Esteem Model: to account for effects of exercise on self-esteem. Physical
Activity increases physical self-efficacy, increases physical competence (physical self-concept),
increases global self-esteem & Physical acceptance (body image).
Self-Concept: Who am I?: How a person defines him/herself (non-evaluative) A person can hold differing
self-concepts for different domains.
• General self-Concept: Academic (English, history etc...)/ Non-Academic self-concept (emotional,
social, physical). Evaluation of behaviour in specific situations.
• Physical Self-Concept Measures: Health, Coordination, PA, Body fat, Sports competence,
Appearance, strength, flexibility, endurance, global physical self-concept, global self-esteem.
Body Image: How a person sees, thinks, feels and acts towards one's body. Perceptual, Cognitive,
Affective or Emotional, Behavioural.
• Factors Influencing Body Image:
o Interpersonal Experiences: Teasing, praise, comments from others about one's body
o Psychological Factors: self-esteem, perfectionism, social support.
o Behaviours: physical activity, dieting, grooming.
o Physical Characteristics: body fatness, muscularity, height.
o Socio-cultural Influences: cultural body ideals, television, magazines, other media.
o Physical Changes: changes to the body due to pubertal development, aging, injury, or
disease.
• Sample Body Image Measures:
o Perceptual Measure: Individuals have an actual BMI, an estimated BMI, and an Ideal or
BMI.
o Cognitive Measure: I wish i were more muscular, more confident if, look better if, feel
stronger if, think arms, chest, legs are not muscular enough.
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Context: theory-based determinants that are foundational for the development of targeted interventions. Limitations of extant literature: little work completed investigating the environment and contextual factors relate to pa. Traditional theory-based work requires retrospective reporting on perceptions, thoughts, and feelings related to pa. Recalling over time: increase changes of recall error/biases over time. Generalized responses: questions of mood and feeling states (how often in the last two weeks do you feel? Intentions to do activity in the next 2 hours. Ecological momentary assessment: eliciting multiple recordings of momentary thoughts, feelings & Moving u study: 98 1st year university students mean age 18. Completed a baseline questionnaire, given an accelerometer and an ema app. :understand: the context for which pa behaviours are occurring during the 1st year university. relationship between emotional regulation and pa. Relationship between acute intentions and outcome expectations to short-term pa: personality and exercise:______________________________________________________________
