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BISC 101 Study Guide - Final Guide: Cell Membrane, Autocrine Signalling, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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School
Simon Fraser University
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BISC 101
Professor
Onkar Bains

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Document Summary

Reach all parts but only targetcellsrespond to the message circulatorysystem. 2 listand define briefly the fiveways in which signals are transmitted between animal cells. 1 endocrine signaling molecules diffuse intothe bloodstream and response is triggered when bound to target cells secretedmolecules diffuse locally and trigger response in neighbouring cells. 3 listthe differences between endocrine and exocrine gland. Secrete hormone directly into surrounding fluid extracellularfluid bloodstream. Secrete substance onto body surfaces on into body cavities leg tearglands sweatglands salivary glands. Ot pth acth tshtra gh prilh insulin glucagon calcitonin fsh. 5 list differences between cellular response pathways involving a water soluble hormone versus lipid soluble hormones. Binding to the receptors alerts a second messenger molecule insidethe cell. Secondary messenger activates enzymes and other proteins or influence gene expression. Triggers response indirectly eg epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane ofthe livercell. Then triggers the releaseof camp that activates enzymes that release glucose diffuse through the plasma membrane.

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Related Questions

1/What is the fate of a protein with no N-terminus Signal Sequence?

(a)Transport through the constitutive secretory pathway

(b)Dispersal throughout the cytoplasm

(c)Transport into the nucleus

(d)Transport to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

2/ In nerve cells, Botulinum toxin-A degrades a subunit of a T-snare localized on the plasma membrane, how would this affect vesicular trafficking?

(a) It blocks the co-translational import of neurotransmitter proteins into the Endoplasmic reticulum via the translocon.

(b) It prevents the addition of carbohydrates to translated proteins

(c)It blocks the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane because theT-snare would not be able tophysically interact with the V-snare.

(d) None of the above

3/

What is the correct order of events of Clathrin-mediated endocytosis?

1. Uncoating of Clathrin- coated vesicle

2. Recruitment of Clathrin and selection of cargo

3. Fusion of vesicle with early endosome

(a) 1, 2, 3

(b) 2, 1, 3

(c) 2, 3, 1

(d) 3, 1, 2

4/ Vesicles traveling anterogradely will eventually fuse with the cell membrane.

Which of the following elements does NOT participate in the fusion event?

(a) v-snare

(b) t-snare

(c) SNARE complex

(d) clathrin coat protein

5/

When a cell releases a hormone into the bloodstream and a number of cells in a

distal location respond, this type of signaling is...

(a) Autocrine signaling

(b) Endocrine signaling

(c) Paracrine signaling

(d) Juxtacrine signaling

1. Be able to define the following terms: releasing hormone,inhibiting hornone, trooic hormone, nontropic hormones,neurosecretory cells.

2. What are hormones?

3. What are two specific differences between the endocrine andnervous systems?

4. What are the four different types of cell signaling?

5. What are the three types of hormonal control pathways? Givean example of each.

6. What is local regulator?

7. What type of feedback is a common feature of pathways thatcontrol homeostasis?

8. What are the three major classes of molecules that functionas hormones? Which are water-souble and which are lipid-souble?

9. Signaling by a hormone involves three key events. What arethey?

10. What is the correlation between solubility of a hormone andthe location of its receptors?

11. In addition to receptor location, water-soluble andlipid-soluble hormones also exhibit additional differences in theirresponse pathways. What are these differences?

12. What is signal transduction pathway?

13. Why can the same hormone have different effects on differentbody tissues?

14. Liver cells and the blood vessels of skeletal muscle cellshave identical surface receptors for epinephrine, yet the responeof these two cells types is dramatically different. Explain howthis is possible.

15. In the "fight or fight response" the release of epinephrinefrom the adrenal medulla cause skeletal muscle blood vessels todilate while simultaneously constricting blood vessels of theintestine. Explain how this is possible.

16. List the three types of local regulators discussed in classand explain their function.


QUESTION 1

Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?

a.

IP3
b.

cAMP
c.

Insulin
d.

Diacylglycerol

2 points

QUESTION 2

Nuclear hormone receptors _____

a.

Bind to water soluble ligands
b.

Activate second messengers
c.

Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding
d.

Are normally located on the plasma membrane

2 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?

a.

Phosphorylation of the RTK
b.

Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK
c.

Dimerization of the RTK
d.

The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription

2 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?

a.

An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP3, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
b.

A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP3, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
c.

An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
d.

A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.

2 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?

a.

activation of an enzyme molecule
b.

activation of a specific gene by a growth factor
c.

Breakdown of many cAMP molecules
d.

activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event

2 points

QUESTION 6

Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?

The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP

The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive

The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits

The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP

2 points

QUESTION 7

Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]

Receptor protein

Extracellular signal molecule

Intracellular signaling molecule

Cellular response

Effector protein

2 points

QUESTION 8

The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:

Adenylyl phosphatase

Adenylyl kinase

Adenylyl dehydrogenase

Adenylyl cyclase

2 points

QUESTION 9

If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?

It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.

It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.

It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.

It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.

2 points

QUESTION 10

A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?

Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response

Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal

Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond

Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it