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MBG 2040 Final: Chapter 17- Transposable elements

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yellowcod7
30 Nov 2016
School
University of Guelph
Department
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Course
MBG 2040
Professor
Baozhong Meng

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Document Summary

Barbara mcclintock and the discovery of jumping genes (mobile genetic elements) Key person for the development of cytogenetic discipline- proposed the concept of jumping genes . Concept was difficult to be recognized by fellow geneticists for a long period of time. Three main types of transposable genetic elements and their mode of transposition. Replicative transposition (copy and paste): an element is replicated and one copy is inserted at a new site; the other copy remains at the original site. Retrotransposition: an element is first transcribed into rna, which is reverse transcribed into dna, followed by insertion of the dna into a new site on the same or different chromosome. Bacterial transposons move within and between chromosomes and plasmids: insertions sequences (is elements, composite transposons, tn3 elements (replicative transposons) Insertion sequences (aka is elements) are the simplest transposons in bacteria. Is elements were first detected in certain lac- mutants of e. coli.

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Related Questions


Class 6: Viruses (and Cells, continued)


Making connections: viruses and microbes Match the cell biology concept (on page 1) with an important application of that concept (on page 2). Then answer the follow-up questions at the bottom of page 2.


Cell Biology concepts
1. Bacteria that cannot construct new cell wall material become fragile and break down.
2. During influenza infection, the viral enzyme neuraminidase is required to release new viruses from the host cell in which they were made. Once released, the new viruses can infect many additional cells.
3. Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in hot springs and can live at temperatures up to ~80°C (175°F). It has adapted so that its enzymes are most functional at the elevated temperatures, compared with many organisms’ enzymes that function best ~37°C (98°F).
4. Until the isolation and investigation of retroviruses, scientists thought that RNA could be copied from DNA, but DNA could not be copied from RNA. Research on this class of viruses led to an update to this “Central Dogma” of biology.
5. Some bacteria have adapted, so that the enzymes involved in making cell wall materials have a slightly different shape and can no longer be bound by certain drugs.
6. Rhizobia are bacteria that colonize the roots of certain plants (legumes, including beans and peas). The host plant benefits from the prokaryotes’ ability to “fix” nitrogen, converting N2 from the atmosphere into a form that is usable by the plant.
7. Many species of bacteria contain the enzyme cellulase. More than 10 billion such bacteria and other symbiotic microbes may be found in a single milliliter of material from inside the digestive system of ruminant mammals.
8. Fungi, including those that cause athlete’s foot, use ergosterol to maintain healthy membranes. Animal cells do not make ergosterol, they use a similar lipid – cholesterol.
9. During retrovirus infection, a DNA copy is made of the virus’s RNA genome. A cut is made in the host cell’s DNA and the DNA copy of the viral genome is pasted into the host chromosome by a viral enzyme called integrase.
10. Prokaryotic cells contain smaller ribosomes (“70S” ribosomes) than eukaryotic cells (“80S” ribosomes). Both types of ribosomes synthesize proteins, but the macromolecules they use to do it are somewhat different.



2
Applications
_______ Oseltamivir, also called Tamiflu, binds and inhibits the viral protein neuraminidase.
_______ Clotrimazole is a drug that is used to treat certain infections. It interferes with synthesis of ergosterol, a lipid involved in phospholipid membranes.
_______ Penicillin is a drug that interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycans (these are biological molecules that are part protein and part carbohydrate) that are present in certain cell walls.
_______ HIV is often treated with several drugs that inhibit different parts of the viral replicative cycle. Raltegravir is an example of a drug that interferes with the integration of viral genes into the host cell’s chromosome.
_______ Cows, like other vertebrates, lack the ability to breakdown cellulose. Yet they are able to live on a diet of grass and other vegetation high in cellulose.
_______ Enzymes isolated from extremophiles have been very useful in laboratory research. For example, Taq polymerase facilitates PCR, a revolutionary technique for production of DNAs of particular sequences, which requires cycling reactions through high temperatures.
_______ Plants and animals require nitrogen to make biological macromolecules, however they’re unable to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form.
_______ Azithromycin is a drug that binds to 70S ribosomes and blocks synthesis of any new proteins.
_______ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause life-threatening infections of the skin and bloodstream. One of the reasons MRSA infections are so serious is that they are resistant to treatment by many antibiotics, including methicillin and penicillin.
_______ The enzyme reverse transcriptase, isolated from retroviruses, is an important tool in molecular biology research. Scientists interested in learning what genes are turned on in particular cells use it to make DNA copies of RNAs they are studying (The DNA copies are useful because they are more stable).


When you have completed the matching activity, answer these follow-up questions:
• What types of infections can be treated with the following drugs?
o Penicillin
o Clotrimazole
o Azithromycin
o Tamiflu
o Raltegravir
• Why are these drugs (above) safe for you to take? That is, why don’t they kill your cells?
• Cancer cells are your own human cells that have become deregulated so that they divide and pile up in an uncontrolled way. Many chemotherapy drugs treat cancer by interfering with cell division and other cell processes.
o Why are there so many more side effects for individuals undergoing chemotherapy than for individuals taking antibiotics?

Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because

Answer Not sure which one ?!

· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes

· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes

· prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translateeukarytic sequences

· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't

· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't


I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

Answer not sure which one?!

· The gene knocked out was recessive.

· The gene knocked out was dominant.

· The gene knocked out was a lethalgene.

· The knockput was integrated into a random spot,and did not knockput the original gene.

A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end

xxCTGCA
xxG

Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?

Answer

· xxG
xxCTGCA

· xxC
xxGTGCA

· xxCCGAT
xxG

· xxGGCTA
xxC


An SNP always occurs dueto

Answer

· a one base-pair change.

· a three base-pair change.

· a single restriction site change.

· a single amino acid change.

· None of these.


I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· penetrance

In his experiments, Mendelnoted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, theyare inherited independently of each other. Though Mendel didn'tknow about chromosomes, this still holds true (mostly)because

Answer

· genes on the same chromosome are often mixedthrough meiotic crossover during the formation ofgametes.

· variant alleles of the same gene do not interferewith the phenotypic expression of the gentoype in different geneticloci.

· most higher organisms are diploid, making only twoalleles available for every genetic locus, and there is a 50/50chance of geting either allele from a single parent.

· expression of phenotypes can vary from thegenotypes because of encironmantal influences.

· chromosomes often recombine

Anticipation is caused by amutation that increases in expressivity over subsequentgenerations.

Answer

· True

· False

Question 44

I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of

Answer

· allelic heterogeneity.

· locus heterogeneity.

· penetrance.

· expressitivity.

· sheer luck.

Question

Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions?

Answer

· Changes in the reaction temperature by athermocycler

· Denaturation at high temperatures

· Synthesis of oligonucleotide primers

· Extension of primers by DNA polymerase

· Annealing of oligonucleotide primers

Question

DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping.

Answer

· True

· False

A mosaic is an organismwith

Answer

· multiple genotypes within one organism

· multiple alleles within one genotype

· more than one color of fur

· transgenes added to the zygote beforedevelopement

· a wt phenotype but a mutated genotype

Question

Genotype causesphenotype.

Answer

· No, gentoype just influences phenotype.

· Yes, genotype is the DNA sequence that createsphenotype.

Question

A true genetic chimera can becreated by

Answer

· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult

· multiple fertilized eggs or zygotes fusing to formone embryo

· adding a transgene to the genome of an organismduring fetal development only

· adding cells of a different species to an adultorganism

· adding a transgene to the genome of an animal atany stage in development

Question

The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.

Answer

· dominant traits

· recessive traits

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

· vampirism

If a loss of functionmutation creates a dominant phenotype, it may be becauseof

Answer

· haploinsufficiency

· penetrance

· expressivity

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

Please select the best matchfor each.

Answer

· PCR: Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

· Southern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay DNA fragments

· RFLPs : DNA fragments generatedby restriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

· Northern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay mRNA fragments

· Electrophoresis Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

Answer

A.

Screening procedure used toassay DNA fragments

B.

Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

C.

Screening procedure used toassay mRNA fragments

D.

DNA fragments generated byrestriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

E.

Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

A gene mutates, and theprotein produced has a novel way of interacting with the cell, andcreates a new phenotype because of this new functionality. This iscalled

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· gain of function dominant mutation

Question 62

Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.

Answer

· True

· False


A degenerate PCR primer withmany variant sequences must be used to make multiple copies of agene

Answer

· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers

· if the DNA you are using is cDNA to constructthe primers

· if the DNA you are using is genomic DNA to becopied

· if the DNA you are trying to copy iscDNA

· if the vector is prokaryotic and the transformedcell is eukarytotic

Question

Please select the best matchfor each term.

Answer

· Restriction enzyme


· PCR C

· Plasmid

· YAC A

· Dideoxynucleotide

Answer

A.

Endonuclease isolated frombacteria

B.

Eukaryotic cloningvector

C.

Method for amplification ofDNA sequences

D.

Small circular fragment ofDNA

E.

Molecule used in DNAsequencing

Question

A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?

Answer

· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's

· the child had a mutation that changed the genethat is used to trace paternity

· the child is a mosaic because he is actually a setof twins fused early during fetal development, and therefore camefrom 2 eggs and 2 sperm

· the dad may have germ-line mosaicism, meaning thatthe genotype of his sperm is different from his somaticgenotype

· mitochondrial DNA only comes from mom, so there isno way to tell whobthe baby's father is




20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)
metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis
Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)
water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes
Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)
potential
reaction
initiation
activation
Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)
lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus
Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)
carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen
Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)
electrons, protons
pigments, products
products, reactants
elements, atoms
Question 27.27. The energy currency of thecell is __. (Points : 2)
glucose
ATP
starch
glycogen
Question 28.28. When blood glucose levelsdecrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped first?(Points : 2)
glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids
Question 29.29. When glucose is used as anenergy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the ____portion of the entire respiratory process. (Points : 2)
glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain
Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)
glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain
Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)
Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).
Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)
membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane
Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)
cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria
Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport
Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton
Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport
Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)
cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
Question 38.38. If potato slice is placed indistilled water, the cells would most likely __. (Points : 2)
lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.
Question 39.39. The chloroplast functions in___. (Points : 2)
protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis
Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)
the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production
Question 41.41. During which stage of mitosisdo nucleoli reappear and the nuclear membrane reforms? (Points :2)
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Question 42.42. During which stage of mitosisdo chromatids separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?(Points : 2)
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Question 43.43. Which of the following is thelongest stage of mitosis? (Points : 2)
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)
metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis
Question 45.45. A cell with 10 chromosomesundergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells areproduced and what number of chromosomes do they have? (Points :2)
4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
Question 46.46. Maize (corn) has a haploidnumber of 10. How many chromosomes are in a zygote of maize?(Points : 2)
5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided
Question 47.47. Crossing over is one of themost important events in meiosis because __. (Points : 2)
homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity
Question 48.48. While viewing stained onionroot tip cells you notice that distinct chromosomes cannot beobserved in most of the cells. This is because most of the cells___. (Points : 2)
were killed whilepreparing the slide
are in Interphase
are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis
Question 49.49. Each offspring cell producedby binary fission contains __. (Points : 2)
half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.
Question 50.50. A DNA strand has the sequenceA-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A. What would be its complementary strand? (Points: 2)
G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U