ZOO 3200 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Speed, Vertebrate, Phosphorylation
12 Oct 2018
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Department
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ZOO 3200
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Definition
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The August Krogh Principle
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What is comparative animal physiology?
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Homeostasis
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Conformity vs Regulation
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Positive vs Negative Feedback
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Acclimation, Acclimatization, Adaptation
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Physiological Regulation
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Outline:
Reading: Chapter 1
The study of how animals function at all levels of organization
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By studying how animals function in diverse environments,
comparative animal physiologists try to understand the nature of
physiological diversity
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August Krogh (1874-1949) won the 1920 Nobel Prize in
Physiology
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Or… there is an optimally-suited animal to study most
biological problems
Principle: "for a large number of problems there will be some
animal of choice, or a few of such animals, on which it can be
most conveniently studied"
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Using squid giant axons to study the properties of action
potentials
Using zebrafish embryos to study the impact of global
environmental changes on the development and function
of the stress response
Examples:
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The August Krogh Principle
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What is Comparative Animal Physiology?
Physiological Regulation
Central Themes in Animal Physiology
Thursday,+ September+ 7,+2017
12:57+PM
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The tendency for animals to maintain relative internal stability in the
face of external fluctuations
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Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory systems
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Homeostasis is not constancy
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Homeostasis:
Animals have different strategies for coping with changing
environmental conditions
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E.g. Chlorine regulation in sea urchins (osmo-conformers)
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The tissue chlorine concentration conforms with the
concentration in water
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Conformers:
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E.g. Chlorine regulation in teleost fish
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There is a zone of stability where homeostasis (of the chlorine
plasma concentration) is maintained
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Regulators:
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Each strategy has benefits and costs
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Whether an animal uses one strategy or the other is parameter specific
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Effects of changes in external temperature in lizards -
conformity
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Effects of changes in external water chlorine concentration (in
teleost fish) -regulation
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Examples:
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Conformity vs. Regulation:
Negative feedback control systems regulate a variable by opposing its
deviation from a set point thereby keeping the variable within its
homeostatic range
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Stimulates beta cells -- insulin release -- blood glucose
decreases
Stimulus: eating carbohydrates
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Stimulates alpha cells -- glucagon release -- blood glucose
increases
Stimulus: fasting
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Example: regulation of blood glucose
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Negative Feedback:
Positive feedback control systems regulate non-homeostatic change
and create a rapid change away from a set point (i.e. promoting
explosive response that are unidirectional)
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Positive Feedback:
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