Biochemistry 2280A Final: Biochem 2280 Final Exam Notes

336 views62 pages

emeraldhorse370

24 Apr 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Then the small molecules enter the cytosol: then, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will occur. Glycolysis: glycolysis produces atp without the involvement of oxygen. This investment is returned later in glycolysis which proves four molecules of atp. Adp to form atp: differences in the energies of different phosphate bonds allow the formation of atp by substrate-level phosphorylation, net glycolysis reaction, each step of glycolysis is catalyzed by a different enzyme. There are three irreversible reactions in glycolysis and these three enzymes are the targets for control of ux so they are regulated. The three enzymes of the irreversible reactions in glycolysis are hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (pfk) and pyruvate kinase. All three enzymes are controlled in a similar way through feedback regulation. Atp inhibits these enzymes because when you have lots of atp, want to slow process down, already have lots of energy don"t need to make any more. Pyruvate goes to citric acid cycle after glycolysis.

Related Questions

1. Aerobic cellular respiration can best be described as a:

a.	a redox reaction to convert energy for metabolism

b.	a need for oxygen in order to store energy in ATP

c.	all answer choices are correct

an organism's way of catabolizing glucose

2. During photosynthesis, electrons from the reaction center chlorophyll are transferred to the electron transport system. These electrons are replaced by the splitting of __________ molecules.

a. glucose

b. carbon dioxide

c. water

d. ATP

During glycolysis:

a.	a glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

b.	a glucose molecule is formed from carbon dioxide that is fixed by Rubisco.

c.	the energy from electrons forms a proton gradient that is used to synthesize ATP.

d.	the electrons in acetyl-CoA are transferred to electron carriers.

Bacterial cells reproduce through the process of:

a.	cytokinesis

meiosis

mitosis

binary fission

Cytokinesis refers to the:

a.	formation of two new nuclei during telophase.

b.	splitting of the centromere to separate the sister chromatids.

c.	division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells.

d.	division of the genetic material into two daughter cells.

coffeeferret234

Photosynthesis

Light Reactions:

Photosynthesis is the process of reducing/oxidizing (circle one) _____________________ to produce ___________________. This overall reduction-oxidation reaction requires _________________ to begin the flow of __________________. Photosynthetic ____________________ absorb light energy and are located in ___________________ found embedded within the membranes of __________________. The most prevalent one include the ___________________ which reflect ________________ light and absorb the other wavelengths of light. Accessory pigments include ___________________. When light energy is absorbed in photosynthesis, electrons of pigment molecules become _________________ and move into higher potential energy _______________. When the electrons return to their previous position, _____________ is passed to the ______________________ pigment molecule. Electrons within this pigment molecule move to a high potential energy state and are âgrabbedâ by _________________________ chains. Electrons from photosystem II are passed to ______________________. Electrons from photosystem I are passed to _________________. As electrons move in the electron transport chain associated with photosystem I/II (circle one), the energy released is used to power ___________ pumps and __________ is produced via a process known as ________________________. Photosystem I/II (circle one) electrons must be replaced to continue the reaction so ____________ is split for its electrons. The products _______________ & _______________ then proceed to the ______________________ cycle.

Calvin Cycle:

The Calvin Cycle can be broken into 3 main series of reactions. In the first group, known as the __________________ step, ______________________ combines with 3 molecules of ____________________ to form 6 molecules of _____________________. This reaction is catalyzed by ___________________. ________________ can act as a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme, shutting down this step in a process known as ______________________________. In the second series of reactions known as the __________________ steps, the molecules produced in the previous step get oxidized/reduced (circle one). The source of electrons is _________from the light reactions. This step is endergonic/exergonic (circle one) and thus requires _______ from the light reactions. Six molecules of _____________________ are produced, ______ (#) of which will continue in biosynthetic pathways to produce __________________. The remaining molecules will then enter the ______________________ steps which require _____________ from the light reaction. In this step, 3 molecules of _______________ are produced so that this cyclic reaction can continue.

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

greychimpanzee211

Biochemistry 2280A Final: Biochem 2280 Final Exam Notes

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

Biochemistry 2280A Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Allosteric Regulation, Aldehyde, Glyceraldehyde

Biochemistry 2280A Chapter Notes - Chapter 13: Triglyceride, Glycogen Phosphorylase, Oxaloacetic Acid

Biochemistry 2280A Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Triglyceride, Glycogen Synthase, Starch

Related Questions