Biochemistry 2280A Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Enzyme, Protein, Glucose
12 Oct 2018
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Department
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Biochemistry 2280A
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Topic 1: 3-4, 39-79, 224
Biochemistry - the study of the of the molecules of life / the chemistry of biological molecules
Noncovalent Bonds:
- Do’t ivolve the sharig of eletros
- Individually quite weak, but their energies can sum to create an effective force between molecules
- Include: H-bonds, Electrostatic Attraction (ex. ionic bonds, dipole-dipole), Van Der Waals Attraction,
Hydrophobic Interactions
- These Noncovalent bonds specify the precise shape of a macromolecule (ex. a polypeptide chain) and
allow a macromolecule to bind other selected molecules (ex. enzymes and substrates)
Small Molecules in Cells
- Cells contain 4 major families of small organic molecules: sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
- *monomer, *polymer
- Fatty Aids are’t ooers, ad Fats/Merae Lipids are’t polyers
- Proteins, Carbohydrates, RNA, and DNA molecules are synthesized from subunits by repetitive condensation
reactions, and it is the specific sequence of subunits that determines their unique functions
Sugars/Carbohydrates
- simplest sugars are monosaccharides; they have the general formula (CH2O)n
- 2 monosaccharides can join together to make a disaccharide via a condensation reaction where water
is expelled and a glycosidic bond is formed
- Many monosaccharides can join together to make an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide
Fats
- Fatty Acids are composed of a hydrophilic carboxylic acid head connected to hydrophobic fatty acid tail
- These fatty acid tails can be saturated (no kink) or unsaturated (no kink for trans, kink for cis)
- Derivatives of fatty acids include triacylglycerols (glycerol + 3 fatty acids), phospholipids (polar group +
phosphate + glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains; lipid found in cell membrane)
Building Block
Macromolecule
*Monosaccharides (simple sugars - glucose, fructose,
galactose, etc.)
*Polysaccharides (complex sugars - starch, amylose,
amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen, etc.), Oligosaccharides,
Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
*Amino Acid
*Polypeptide
*Nucleotides
*Nucleic Acids
Fatty Acids
Fats and Membrane Lipids
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Proteins
- monomers of proteins are amino acids, all amino acids posses an amino group and a carboxyl group
attached to the α-carbon with some R-group.
-
- 4 classes of amino acids:
- Neutral: contain only carbons and hydrogens w/ the exception of Met (M) which has a sulfur
and Trp (W) which has a nitrogen
- Polar: contain no charges and have oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur in R group
- Acidic: contain a negative charge
- Basic: contain a positive charge
Nucleic Acids
- DNA and RNA are built from monomers called nucleotides
- When the nucleotide triphosphate has adenosine as the base, the molecule is ATP. ATP is carrier of
energy (when it is hydrolyzed to form ADP and an inorganic phosphate, energy is released). *Most cells
use ATP as their principal energy carrier*
- To build DNA or RNA, nucleotide subunits are linked by the formation of covalent phosphodiester
bonds between the phosphate group attached to the sugar of one nucleotide and a hydroxyl group
attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside (nitrogenous base
+ pentose) that contains one or more
phosphate groups attached to a sugar (ribose
or deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous
l (A, T, C, G or U)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Biochemistry - the study of the of the molecules of life / the chemistry of biological molecules. Individually quite weak, but their energies can sum to create an effective force between molecules. Include: h-bonds, electrostatic attraction (ex. ionic bonds, dipole-dipole), van der waals attraction, These noncovalent bonds specify the precise shape of a macromolecule (ex. a polypeptide chain) and allow a macromolecule to bind other selected molecules (ex. enzymes and substrates) Cells contain 4 major families of small organic molecules: sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides. *monosaccharides (simple sugars - glucose, fructose, galactose, etc. ) *polysaccharides (complex sugars - starch, amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen, etc. Fatty a(cid:272)ids are(cid:374)"t (cid:373)o(cid:374)o(cid:373)ers, a(cid:374)d fats/me(cid:373)(cid:271)ra(cid:374)e lipids are(cid:374)"t poly(cid:373)ers. Proteins, carbohydrates, rna, and dna molecules are synthesized from subunits by repetitive condensation reactions, and it is the specific sequence of subunits that determines their unique functions. Simplest sugars are monosaccharides; they have the general formula (ch2o)n.
