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Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Study Guide - Final Guide: Polio Vaccine, Measles Virus, Cowpox

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emeraldhorse370
10 Jan 2017
School
Western University
Department
Microbiology and Immunology
Course
Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B
Professor
Dr.Summers

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Document Summary

One individual in disney land causes 644 cases of measles in 23 different places. Very important that we maintain vaccination levels within a population: if people decide t stop taking their vaccines, the threshold will drop, and the population becomes more susceptible to being infected, mmr - measles mumps and rubella. Fitz with small pox (first medical trial for vaccines). Now in europe, starting to develop in uenza virus in cell lines that is more rapid puri cation process that uses less eggs: conjugated vaccines, the covalent attachment of poor vaccinating antigens (polysaccharide) to a carrier protein. A conjugate vaccine is basically glueing two components together. B cell will not produce any memory b cells. very short-lived immune response. Will not provide you immune response for a very long time: take polysaccharide and put on the carrier protein, so when we cross link the.

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Related Questions

1. It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e., secondary, tertiary, etc.). This is due to the fact that:
A. At each round of immunization, new naive B cells are recruited into the response.
B. At each round of immunization, the expression of AID increases, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
C. Memory B cells express higher levels of AID than naive B cells, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
D. Memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo
additional somatic hypermutation.
E. At each round of immunization, germinal centers become larger
and have increased numbers of B cells in them.

2. The US Department of Health and Human Services has a stated goal for the seasonal influenza vaccine of vaccinating 80% of healthy (i.e., low-risk) individuals. This vaccine is formulated each year from the serotypes of influenza likely to be circulating in the population during the coming flu season. The reason this goal is not 100% of individuals is because:
A. It is not feasible to expect 100% of healthy individuals to get the flu vaccine every year.
B. Individuals who had the flu vaccine the year before will already be protected.
C. Individuals who are healthy need not be too concerned about getting infected with flu.
D. Healthy individuals are unlikely to spread the virus to others.
E. Unvaccinated individuals are protected when 80% of people
around them are vaccinated.

3. Most vaccines currently administered are delivered by intramuscular injection. Yet the pathogenic organisms these vaccines aim to protect against usually enter the body by a different route. For instance, many viruses infect us via the respiratory tract, and many bacterial pathogens infect via the gastrointestinal tract. One major advantage of delivering vaccines against these organisms via their normal route of infection would be:
A. That the vaccines would no longer require the incorporation of an adjuvant in their composition
B. That the vaccines would elicit IgA antibodies in addition to IgG antibodies
C. That the vaccines would no longer require several boosters to elicit protective responses
D. That the vaccines would be more stable and not require refrigeration
E. That the vaccines would be safer and have fewer side effects than
injected vaccines

1.List the steps of the immune response in the correct order, fromfirst to last. (First, Second, Third)

The immune system develops proteins called antibodies that fightthe infection by killing the antigens. Choose... Third First Second
The immune system identifies antigens. Choose... Third First Second
The body saves some antibodies so they are available to fight offthe same disease if exposed again. Choose... Third First Second




2.Match each item with the correct "line of defense" it isclassified under. (Surface Barrier, General Defense, ImmuneResponse)

lysozyme Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
inflammation Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
lymph nodes Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
B cells and T cells Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
unbroken skin Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
Antibodies Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses


3.What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
Chooseone answer.
a. Itdestroys bacteria by a process called "cell-eating."
b. Itproduces a fever and lethargy, so energy can be reserved forbattling the illness.
c. It formsblood clots in the damaged area.
d. Itdilates blood vessels to make more room for the body's defensive agentsin the injured area.







4.Match each item with the correct description. (Antigen, Prion, Blymphocyte, Macrophage)
An infectious particle that consists only of protein Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage
A white blood cell that engulfs and destroys foreign material, such asbacteria Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage
Any substance that instigates a response by the immune system Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage
A white blood cell that can make antibodies Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage






5.Who is credited with designing the first vaccine?

a. LinusPauling
b. EdwardJenner
c. JonasSalk
d. StanleyMiller




6.The flu (influenza) vaccine is generally administered as aninjection, often referred to as the flu shot. Can the flu shot giveyou the flu?

a. No,because the flu shot is a live, attenuated vaccine.
b. Yes,because the flu shot is a live, attenuated vaccine.
c. No,because the flu shot is an inactivated vaccine.
d. Yes,because the flu shot is an inactivated vaccine.




7.Getting a vaccine is similar to getting the actual disease insome ways. For example, when you get a vaccine, yourimmune system produces antibodies that will protect you from future exposures tothe actual disease.

True or False?


8.Getting a vaccine is NOT similar to getting the actual disease insome ways. For example, when you get a vaccine, you should notexperience outward symptoms of the disease you were vaccinatedagainst.

True or False?


9.Numerous scientific studies have shown that there is NO LINKbetween vaccines and autism.

True or False?

True / False Questions

01. _____ Antibody is composed of 2identical long heavy chains and 2 identical shorter lightchains.

02. _____ Variable (V) and constant(C) regions are part of both heavy and light chains.

03. _____ Variable regions for heavyand light chains from the same antibody molecule are alwaysidentical.

04. _____ Variable region of lightchains are encoded by the DNA sequences that contain rearranged V,D, and J segments.

05. _____ Fc part of the antibody isnot important, F(ab’)2 fragment has the same binding andeffector capacity.

06. _____ Fab fragments are generatedby alternative splicing.

07. _____ J chain is used as asurrogate light chain during pre-B cell receptor testing forsuccessful V(D)J rearrangement.

08. _____ Binding of the antigen byantibody is stabilized by disulfide bonds.

09. _____ RAG1/2 are always expressedin B cells at high level, because B cells need RAG1/2 to constantlyrearrange their V regions.

10. _____ “N” (non template)nucleotides are added by TdT.

11. _____ The 12/23 rule is appliedduring class switching.

12. _____ For B cells, V(D)Jrecombination occurs only in the bone marrow.

13. _____ The process of somatichypermutation helps to improve specificity of the antibody.

14. _____ In late pro-B cells, Vsegment is rearranged with DJ segments.

15. _____ Failure to eliminateself-reactive B cells may lead to serious autoimmune diseases.

16. _____ Mature, naïve B cellsexpress IgD and any of the other classes of antibody (IgM, IgG,IgA, or IgE) on their surfaces.

17. _____ B1 cells are present in theperitoneal cavity, pleural spaces and brain.

18. _____ AID (activation inducedcytidine deaminase) is expressed only in B cells and it canintroduce breaks in double stranded DNA.

19. _____ Different classes (isotypes)of antibodies have different effector functions, which aretriggered by special receptors expressed by a variety of cells.

20. _____ Plasma cells are terminallydifferentiated cells that produce large quantities ofantibodies.

21. _____ Repeated exposure to thesame antigen eventually leads to immunological exhaustion and lackof immunity, because there is no room for new plasma cells in thebone marrow.

22. _____ Germinal centers arespecialized sites within the bone marrow where Ig genes ofactivated B cells undergo affinity maturation.

23. _____ B cells can present antigensto T helper cells.

24. _____ Co-stimulatory molecules arerequired for efficient generation of memory B cells.

25. _____ Lymphocytes migrate to thelymphoid tissues in response to chemokines.

26. _____ Class switching duringgerminal center reaction is a random process.

27. _____ T cell independent responsescan generate strong and long lasting B cell memory.

28. _____ Fc receptors that arepresent on many different cell types are crucial for removal of thepathogens.

29. _____ The ideal vaccine should bedesigned to mimic the natural course of infection without causingsymptoms of the disease.

30. _____ The protective immunity canbe generated against any pathogen because there is virtuallyunlimited number of possible V regions, thus any antigen can berecognize by an antibody.