BIO 182 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Lysogenic Cycle, Excavata, Cellulose

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rubysalmon563

1 Oct 2015

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Most viruses have either rna or dna as their genetic material. The nucleic acid may be single- or double-stranded. Plasmids and transposons: what are the methods used to identify a bacteria, gram stain, by their shape. Bacillus is rod, coccus is round, and spirochetes are spirals: what is a gram stain, looks for peptidoglycan. If it"s on the outside it will stain purple (thicker membrane). If it"s on a secondary cell wall, it will stain pink/red (thinner membrane). They are more resistant to antibiotics: what is bacterial transformation and transduction, transformation: the process by which bacterial cells take up naked dna molecules. Both segments of dna for conjugation, the fertility factor (first named f by one of its discoverers. Esther lederberg) allows genes to be transferred from one bacterium carrying the factor to another bacterium lacking the factor by conjugation. The ffactor is carried on the f episome, the first episome to be discovered.

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QUESTION 1: The rabies virus primarily affects the nervous system. The specificity that the rabies virus has for neuronal host cells is primarily dictated by __________________________.

A. the helical shape of its viral capsid

B. the type of nucleic acid used for its viral genome (single-stranded, antisense RNA)

C. the spikes that protrude from its viral envelope

D. the segmented nature of its viral genome

QUESTION 2: Which of the following genome types has been observed in viruses? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. Single-stranded RNA

B. Single-stranded DNA

C. Double-stranded RNA

D. Protein-based

QUESTION 3: Choose the correct statement about viral evolution.

A. RNA and DNA viral genomes evolve at equal rates.

B. Cellular genomes mutate at a faster rate than viral genomes due to their large size and increased chance of replicative mistakes.

C. DNA viruses mutate faster than RNA viruses because thymine is more susceptible to mutation than uracil.

D. RNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses due to a lack of proofreading replicative enzymes.

QUESTION 4: Your elderly patient is affected by shingles. After careful observation, you note that the virus responsible for the infection has an icosahedral capsid, is enveloped, and has double-stranded linear DNA as its genetic material. Based on this information, in which of the following viral families would you group this viral pathogen?

QUESTION 5: Which of the following is a key difference between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage replication cycles?

A. Lysogenic bacteriophages release via host cell lysis, whereas lytic bacteriophages bud off from the host cell membrane.

B. The lytic replication cycle ends with host cell lysis and release of newly formed bacteriophage particles, whereas lysogenic replication leads to prophage formation.

C. Lytic replication requires an uncoating step, whereas in lysogenic replication, the bacteriophage's nucleic acid is directly injected into the host cell.

D. Whereas lytic replication enables the infection of several hosts, lysogenic replication only allows for infection of a single host cell.

QUESTION 6: Which of the following is an unsuitable culture method for an animal virus?

A. Direct inoculation of virus onto blood agar

B. Live animal inoculation

C. Tissue culture method

D. Injection of virus into embryonated eggs

1. (2 pts) Which of the following mechanisms transfers DNA from only a very specific region of the chromosome?

a. conjugation

b. generalized transduction

c. specialized transduction

d. transformation

2. Given what you know about Horizontal gene transfer, why might all of the genes required for a useful but non-essential function (such as degradation of a man-made pollutant or pathogenicity genes) tend to cluster together in a chromosome?

3. You are using molecular systematics to study microbial evolution. Which genes might you use to determine whether gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria evolved first?

a. the gene for lipopolysaccharide

b. 16S rRNA gene

c. the gene for teichoic acids

d. the gene for the S-layer

4. Choose the process or entity responsible for a gene moving from one place to another in the genome.

a. conjugation

b. insertion sequences

c. specialized transduction

d. transformation

5. Which of the following differs between lytic and lysogenic phage?

a. Mutation can make lysogenic phage unable to replicate.

b. Lytic phage must attach to the outside of the cell.

c. Lysogenic phage can be vertically transmitted from one bacteria generation to the next, as the bacteria copies its genome during cell replication

d. Lytic phage lyse open the host cell.

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Most temperate phages integrate into the host chromosome, whereas some replicate as plasmids. Which kind of relationship do you think would be more likely to maintain the phage in the host cell, and why?

A.Plasmids-they're smaller, so they'd be easier to replicate by the host cell.

B.Integrated-the host cell would be less likely to view this DNA as "foreign" on subsequent rounds of replication, and would retain it more easily.

C.Integration-because plasmids are frequently lost during cell division, which could leave a daughter cell without the virus genome.

D.Plasmids-these structures often carry other genes that may give the host cell a selective advantage over cells that don't have them.

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BIO 182 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Lysogenic Cycle, Excavata, Cellulose

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