CAS BI 203 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Heteroduplex, Ap Endonuclease, Release Factor

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4 Jul 2018

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I. Find genetic data

A. Smooth = dead mouse

B. Rat = live mouse

C. Dead S with live R, inject, dead mouse

C.1. Transforming principle - make it pathogenic smooth by injecting in

rough

C.1.a) Destroy the different things that could be removed -

protease, rnase snase, centrifuge- destroy all things but still

tranformed except when dna destroyed

(C.1.a.1) DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL

C.1.b) Dna (not protein) gets passed on to phage progeny

(C.1.b.1) Use radioactive phosphate - DNA

(C.1.b.2) Use radioactive sulfate - protein

(C.1.b.3) See where radioactivity - the phospahate goes in

side the host - so DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL

(C.1.b.4) Radioactive sulfur in coat remain in coat

II. DNA

A. Deoxyribose sugar

A.1. Deoxyribose vs ribose

A.1.a) 2’ carbon in ribose has hydroxyl while dna only has H

A.2. Phosphate group

A.2.a) Bridge 5’ to 3’

A.3. Nitrogenous base

A.3.a) Rna - uracil instead of thymine

A.3.b) Purine = A,G (2 ring)

A.3.c) Pyrimidine - C, T (1 ring)

(A.3.c.1) Play a role in base pairing

A.3.d) RNA- U instead of T

A.4. Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate

A.5. Raw material to synthesize DNA is triphosphate

B. Polarity of DNA

B.1. 5’ phosphate on 5’ carbon

B.2. 3’ OH with nothing added

C. Can determine ratio of nucleotides in double stranded, not single stranded

D. G-C has 3 H bond

E. A-T has 2 H bond

E.1. Forces these pairings

III. Watson and Crick

A. Double helix

B. Sugar phosphate backbone and nucleotide inside

C. X ray diffraction get size

D. Width is 20 angstroms

E. Major groove and minor groove

IV. RNA

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A. Single stranded,

A.1. may flip over/loops and have base pairing - double strand

B. Uracil instead of T

C. ribose

V. DNA replication

A. Semi conservative

A.1. Double helix separates

A.2. Complementary bases align opposite templates

A.3. Enzymes link into new continuous strand

B. Meselson and Stahl

B.1. Label parent (N14) and new (N15), centrifuge and show

intermediate band proving semi

B.2. Only source of N15 from original

B.3. Next generation would have two separate bands

VI. Requirements of DNA Polymerase

A. Need template to be read

B. Need a primer sequence that is complementary to template

B.1. Has free 3’ end - dna polymerase needs this

C. Template read in 3 to 5

D. Grow in 5 to 3

E. Need free nucleotide triphosphates for energy (dNTPs)

E.1. Triphosphate on 5’ end

VII. Primer

A. At origin of replication in chromosome, protein makes RNA primer de novo

B. So U in place of where T

C. Enzyme that does this is RNA polymerase can recognize and syntehisze new

strand

D. Helicase - unwind

E. Ssbp- keep strands apart

F. Replication bubble with primers going in opposite directions

F.1. Two replication forks

VIII. Replication

A. Leading and lagging strand

B. Into fork is leading

C. Out of fork is lagging - okazaki fragment closest to fork is newwest one being

made

D. Lagging

D.1. Need to remove rna

D.2. Need to connect okazaki - no triphophate on 5’ end bc rna

D.2.a) Use dna repair polymerase - uses 3’OH to remove RNA

D.2.b) Dna ligasae connects - doesnt need energy from

triphosphate

IX. Telomeres

A. Tandem repeats

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Document Summary

Find genetic data: smooth = dead mouse, rat = live mouse, dead s with live r, inject, dead mouse. Transforming principle - make it pathogenic smooth by injecting in rough. Destroy the different things that could be removed - protease, rnase snase, centrifuge- destroy all things but still tranformed except when dna destroyed (c. 1. a. 1) dna is genetic material. 2" carbon in ribose has hydroxyl while dna only has h. Pyrimidine - c, t (1 ring) (a. 3. c. 1) play a role in base pairing. Raw material to synthesize dna is triphosphate: polarity of dna. 3" oh with nothing added: can determine ratio of nucleotides in double stranded, not single stranded, g-c has 3 h bond, a-t has 2 h bond. Watson and crick: double helix, sugar phosphate backbone and nucleotide inside, x ray diffraction get size, width is 20 angstroms, major groove and minor groove. A. 1. may flip over/loops and have base pairing - double strand: uracil instead of t, ribose.

Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

skyhamster121

QUESTION 1. Compared to eukaryotic genomes, only prokaryotic genomes:

A. contain DNA organized by histones.

B. contain usually one, circular chromosome.

C. contain plasmid DNA.

D. have chromosomes contained in a nucleus.

QUESTION 2. Azathioprine is a drug that may be prescribed to transplant recipients to reduce the chance of tissue rejection reactions. In its active state, it acts as a purine analogue, inhibiting DNA biosynthesis. This means that 6-mercaptopurine will be inserted in place of a purine containing nucleotides during DNA replication. Given this drug's mode of action, you would expect it to be incorporated into DNA in place of:

A. nucleotides containing guanine or cytosine.

B. nucleotides containing adenine or thymine.

C nucleotides containing adenine or guanine.

D. nucleotides containing guanine nucleotide or uracil.

QUESTION 3. RNA is distinguished from DNA because only RNA:

A. typically exists as a single-stranded molecule.

B. has a 3' to 5' directionality.

C. is composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.

D. is composed of nucleotides that contain the nitrogen bases T, C, G, and A.

QUESTION 4. How are RNA nucleotides different from DNA nucleotides? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. RNA nucleotides do not contain thymine.

B. RNA nucleotides use the sugar ribose, while DNA nucleotides do not.

C. RNA nucleotides lack phosphate.

D. RNA nucleotides incorporate pyrimidine nitrogen bases, while DNA nucleotides only incorporate purine nitrogen bases.

magine that the year is 1928 and the scientific world is in an uproar trying to determine what component of the cell isresponsible for genetic inheritance. Is it DNA, protein, perhaps even RNA? You are busy in your lab, trying to help solve this crucial mystery that still plagues (then) modern day biology. Your work focuses on a microorganism, a bacterium named Streptococcus pneumoniae, and its effects on mice. There are two strains of S. pneumoniae (which is responsible for pneumonia), the âRoughâ strain (R) and âSmoothâ strain (S). The strains are very similar except the S strain has a smooth polysaccharide coat that enables the microorganism to avoid the organismâs immune system and cause illness (and death in mice). The R strain has a rough coat which is detected and dealt with by the immune system (and as a result causes no death in mice). You decide to perform a series of experiments using the R and S strain of S. pneumoniae involving injections of these strains in mice. Your results are documented in the figure below: living S strain of S. pneumoniae mouse dies of infection living R strain of S. pneumoniae mouse lives mouse lives S strain heat-killed living R strain mouse dies of infection living, pathogenic S strain recovered S strain heat-killed From these results, you figure out that something from the heat killed S strain is transforming the R strain into the virulent strain. What is this âTransforming principleâ? Is it related to the cellular component that was passed from one generation to the next? As you know, this was the initial experiment performed by Dr. Frederick Griffith that eventually led to the discovery of the true cellular component that is the genetic inheritance molecule as well as the âtransforming principleâ (Hint: Itâs DNA!).

1. Several experiments were required to demonstrate how traits are inherited. Which scientist or team of scientists first demonstrated that cells contain some component that can be transferred to a new population of cells and permanently cause changes in the new cells?

a. Griffith b. Watson and Crick c. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty d. Hershey and Chase

2. From your results, which one of the cellular components can be determined NOT to be the component responsible for genetic inheritance? Why?

a. Proteins because these macromolecules become denatured with heat. b. DNA because these macromolecules form a single helix in solution. c. RNA because it's double stranded 100% of the time d. Sugars because glycolysis happens.

3. Which one of the following experimental trials below are considered to be controls for this experiment? a. S Strain grown in 10% ethanol medium. b. Living S strain; Living R strain; Heat Killed S Strain c. Living R Strain with heat killed S strain; Living S Strain d. Heat Killed S strain; Living R strain; R strain grown in 10% ethanol medium

4. Which scientist or team of scientists obtained definitive results demonstrating that DNA is the genetic molecule? a. Griffith b. Watson c. Crick d. Hershey and Chase

5. Hershey and Chase used radiolabeled macromolecules to identify the material that contains heritable information. What radioactive material was used to track DNA during this experiment?

a. 3H b. 14C c. 35S d. 32P

6. DNA molecules, like proteins, consist of a single, long polymeric chain that is assembled from small monomeric subunits.

a. True b. False

7. The polarity of a DNA strand results from the polarity of the nucleotide subunits.

a. True b. False

8. There are five different nucleotides that become incorporates into a DNA strand.

a. True b. False

9. Hydrogen bonds between each nucleotide hold individual DNA strands together.

a. True b. False

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CAS BI 203 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Heteroduplex, Ap Endonuclease, Release Factor

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