SPHS-S 108 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Language Disorder, Pragmatics, Cerebral Hemisphere
12 Oct 2018
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SPHS-S 108
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
1/31/17: Lecture Notes
Speech Science: The Brain
Anatomic Orientation Terminology
• Anterior: Toward the FRONT
o Ventral: Toward the BELLY/FRONT
• Posterior: Toward the BACK
o Dorsal: Toward the BACK
▪ Caudal = used for o-human animals
• Superior: Toward the TOP
o Ventral: Toward the TOP (brain)
• Inferior: Toward the BOTTOM
o Dorsal: Toward the BOTTOM (brain)
• Medial: Toward the MIDDLE
• Lateral: Toward the SIDE
• Proximal: TOWARD the TORSO
• Distal: AWAY from the TORSO
o ****Proximal and Distal = relates to certain reference point
• Superficial: NEAR the surface
• Deep: AWAY from the surface
Neuron Anatomy
o Dendrites: branched projections that propogate electrochemical signals received from
other neurons
o Axon: singular elongated projection that conducts an electrical signal away from the cell
body
o Myelin Sheath: fatty covering over the axon that speeds conduction
Neuron Types
• Efferent: MOTOR NEURONS; convey impulses from the brain to the body
• Afferent: SENSORY NEURONS; convey impulses from the body to the brain
• Interneurons: tissue of brain and spinal cord
• Neurotransmitters
o Chemical messengers released by neurons in SYNAPSES
o Synapses- the gaps between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites and cell
bodies of other neurons
• An electrical impulse (Action Potential) travels down the length of an axon
o Rapid DEPOLARIZATION causes the release of neurotransmitters into the
synapse
o Neurotransmitters attach to receptacles on the next neuron which causes either
exhibitory OR inhibitory synapse
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Glial Cells
o Affect speed of transmission by forming myelin
o Form blood brain barrier
o Removal of dead cells
Central Nervous System
• CEREBRUM: split into the right and left hemispheres
• Hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal fissure
• Connected by DEEP structure = corpus callosum
1. Corpus callosum is necessary for cross-heisphere ouiatio
• Each hemisphere has FOUR lobes
1. Frontal: motor planning/execution
2. Parietal: sensory integration
3. Temporal: auditory processing
4. Occipital: visual processing
• Left Hemisphere: sequential processing and functioning across time and space
1. Dominant role in speech and language production and comprehension
• Right Hemisphere: Holistic processing
1. Face Recognition, comprehending and expressing emotion
2. Has structures that are analogous to the left hemisphere speech and
language structures
• ****Despite functional asymmetry, both hemispheres work together in
communication: HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED
• Surface of Cerebrum
• Gyri: raised bumps or folds
• Sulci: depressed reesses or grooves
• Other structures of Cerebrum
• Basal Ganglia: otor otrol; Parkiso’s Disease or ereral palsy
• Thalamus: relays sensory and motor information
• CEREBULLUM: split into right and left hemispheres and is highly convulted to increase
surface area
• Connects to the brainstem via three pathways
1. Recieves sensory info from body
2. “eds otor iforatio to the ody’s usles
3. REcieves input from the cerebrum which controls the cerebellum
• Responsible for balance and motor coordination
• Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla
• Conduit for sensory and motor information between the brain and the body
including the head and neck
• Crucial for speech production
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Anatomic orientation terminology: anterior: toward the front, ventral: toward the belly/front, posterior: toward the back, dorsal: toward the back, (cid:862)caudal(cid:863) = used for (cid:374)o(cid:374)-human animals, superior: toward the top, ventral: toward the top (brain) Neuron anatomy: dendrites: branched projections that propogate electrochemical signals received from other neurons, axon: singular elongated projection that conducts an electrical signal away from the cell body, myelin sheath: fatty covering over the axon that speeds conduction. Neuron types: efferent: motor neurons; convey impulses from the brain to the body, afferent: sensory neurons; convey impulses from the body to the brain, neurotransmitters. Peripheral nervous system: 31 pairs of spinal nerves, not specialized for sensory of motor functions. Innervate specific parts of the bosy: 12 pairs of cranial nerves important for speech: look at book, v trigeminal, motor mastication, vii- facial, motor to facial muscles, viii auditory, sensory hearing and balance.
