BIO_SC 1010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Genetically Modified Organism, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase

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Vocabulary

RNA: contains ribose sugar, uracil instead of thymine, and is single stranded

Transcription: DNA template is used to make RNA in this step of protein synthesis

Translation: mRNA sequence is used to make a protein

mRNA: messenger RNA--made during transcription

Repressors: turn off genes

Inducers: turn on genes

Enzymes: proteins that dec the amt of energy it takes for a rxn to happen

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: converts alcohol into acetaldehyde

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: converts acetaldehyde into acetate

Acetate: harmless chemical made from metabolized alcohol

Ribosome: place where proteins are made (translation)

Gene Expression: how genes are expressed (genotype affecting phenotype)

Acetaldehyde: chemical made from alcohol dehydrogenase

Mutation: alteration of a gene

Uracil: base that replaces Thymine in RNA

Review Questions

1. What are the three differences between RNA and DNA?

RNA: single stranded, Uracil, ribose sugar

DNA: double stranded, Thymine, deoxyribose sugar

2. What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell?

DNA is used to make RNA--happens in the nucleus

3. What is translation?Where does it occur in the cell?

RNA is used to make a protein--happens in the ribosome

4. What are inducers and repressors? How do inducers and repressors work?

Inducers turn genes on, Repressors turn genes off

Does this by: binding/removing a repressor OR required to start transcription

5. What 3 ways does turning genes “on” and “off” benefit the organism?

1: makes one cell diff from another

2: some genes are only making proteins during certain stages of life

3: gene regulation helps cells adapt to their environment

6. If the DNA sequence changes, will the protein sequence also change? Why or

why not?

Not necessarily, sometimes a single base change does not change the protein made

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7. What two enzymes are responsible for breaking down alcohol in our system?

What are the products of the two reactions catalyzed by these enzymes? Which

product is most harmful?

Alcohol dehydrogenase and Aldehyde dehydrogenase--these enzymes break down

alcohol in the body

Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol → acetaldehyde

Aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde → acetate

Vocabulary

Recombinant DNA Technology: insert a gene into a cell to transform an organism

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): organisms w their DNA sequence changed thru

genetic editing or transgenics

Genetic Editing: adding, replacing, or removing genetic material

Transgenics: adding DNA from another species

Artificial Selection: the selective breeding of plants or animals

CRISPR/Cas9: a gene editing tools that finds a targeted DNA sequence, cuts out the

sequence, and inserts new DNA in its place

Plasmid: ring of DNA found in bacteria used for Recombinant DNA technology

Genetic Modification: genetically changing a DNA sequence

Restriction Enzymes: proteins made by bacteria that binds to specific DNA sequences

and cuts both strands of DNA

1. What is a GMO?

Organisms w their DNA sequence changed thru genetic editing or transgenics

2. There are two types of genetic modification that mankind has practiced in its

history. What are they?

Genetic Editing: adding, replacing, or removing genetic material

Transgenics: adding DNA from another species

3. What are the advantages of artificial selection? Disadvantages?

Slower process (but can be more regulated), more random

4. What are the advantages of genetic engineering/transgenics? Disadvantages?

Faster, but not as regulated

5. GMOs can be made multiple ways we discussed three—what were they?

Recombinant DNA technology, CRISPR/Cas9, and viruses

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Document Summary

Rna: contains ribose sugar, uracil instead of thymine, and is single stranded. Transcription: dna template is used to make rna in this step of protein synthesis. Translation: mrna sequence is used to make a protein mrna: messenger rna--made during transcription. Enzymes: proteins that dec the amt of energy it takes for a rxn to happen. Gene expression: how genes are expressed (genotype affecting phenotype) Inducers turn genes on, repressors turn genes off. 2: some genes are only making proteins during certain stages of life. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase--these enzymes break down alcohol in the body. Recombinant dna technology: insert a gene into a cell to transform an organism. Genetically modified organism (gmo): organisms w their dna sequence changed thru genetic editing or transgenics. Artificial selection: the selective breeding of plants or animals. Crispr/cas9: a gene editing tools that finds a targeted dna sequence, cuts out the sequence, and inserts new dna in its place.

Related Questions

Which of the following did Erwin Chargaff observe?

A)	Base composition changes as the organism ages.

B)	Base composition of DNA does not vary from one species toanother.

C)	In all species the number of adenines equals the number ofguanines.

D)	In all species A + T = G + C.

E)	DNAs isolated from different tissues of the same species havethe same base composition.

The melting temperature (Tm) of a DNA duplex is:

A)	the temperature at which double-stranded nucleic acids degradeinto free nucleotides.

B)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA is toosingle-stranded to ever renature back to double strands.

C)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA is completelymelted.

D)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA has become 50%single-stranded.

E)	the temperature at which double-stranded DNA begins to melt.

Given your knowledge and the descriptions of each of thesemethods, which of the following does NOT rely on the ability ofnucleic acids to hybridize with each other?

A)	Southern blotting for the detection of specific DNA fragmentsthat have been separated by gel electrophoresis.

B)	Colony blot hybridization to identify a specific sequence from acollection of sequences that have been inserted into bacteria.

C)	Northern blotting for the detection of specific RNA fragmentsthat have been separated by gel electrophoresis.

D)	A DNA oligonucleotide microarray incubated with probes made fromcDNA.

E)	Western blotting for the detection of specific proteins thathave been separated by gel electrophoresis.

Which of the following is a possible reason why DNA uses thymineinstead of uracil?

A)	Cytidine is deaminated to uracil so it would be difficult forany repair mechanism to differentiate between uracil that belongsin the sequence and uracil that resulted from deamination.

B)	Adenine is deaminated to uracil so it would be difficult for anyrepair mechanism to differentiate between uracil that belongs inthe sequence and uracil that resulted from deamination.

C)	When uracil is bound to a deoxyribose it will become morereactive, forming covalent bonds with other bases.

D)	None of the above.

Which of the following is an enzyme used in cloning to breakcovalent bonds?

A)	DNA ligase

B)	Restriction endonuclease

C)	Reverse transcriptase

D)	DNA polymerase I

E)	Alkaline phosphatase

Which of the following could you use to remove the 5' phosphatesafter cleavage of a plasmid with a single type of restrictionenzyme to ensure that the plasmid would not simply fuse backtogether upon addition of ligase?

A)	Reverse transcriptase

B)	Alkaline phosphatase

C)	DNA ligase

D)	DNA polymerase I

E)	Restriction endonuclease

Which of the following would you use to create a cDNA librarythat you would not use for a genomic library?

A)	Alkaline phosphatase

B)	Reverse transcriptase

C)	Restriction endonuclease

D)	DNA ligase

E)	DNA polymerase I

A plasmid vector typically has which of the followingfeatures?

A)	An origin of replication

B)	A selectable marker to ensure that the only bacteria growingcontain the intact or recombinant vector.

C)	Unique restriction sites for insertion of DNA.

D)	Small size to facilitate entry into the cell and biochemicalmanipulation of the DNA.

E)	All of the above are features of plasmid vectors.

Which of the following is FALSE of genomic or cDNAlibraries?

A)	Genes represented in cDNA libraries include control sequencesthat direct transcription.

B)	cDNA libraries contain cDNAs made from mRNA.

C)	Genomic libraries contain fragments of genomic DNA that aregenerated by partial digests with restriction enzymes.

D)	Genomic libraries usually contain large fragments and are likelyto be constructed in YAC or BAC vectors.

E)	cDNA libraries contain sequences from expressed genes only.

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of apolymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

dNTPs

B)	DNA containing the sequences to be amplified

C)	DNA ligase to connect the fragments together

D)	Primers complementary to each end of the sequence to beamplified

E)	Heat stable Taq polymerase

How can a fusion protein be formed?

A)	Site-directed mutagenesis where a fragment is replaced with asynthetic sequence containing the altered DNA sequence.

B)	Two proteins can recombine in the bacterial cell to form a newhybrid protein.

C)	Portions of two different genes are ligated together to create anew hybrid gene. When expressed the gene product is a fusion of thetwo gene products.

D)	Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce specificmutations that cause the expressed protein to fuse to otherproteins.

E)	A portion of the gene can be removed to form a shorter gene andtherefore a shorter protein.

Why is green fluorescent protein (GFP) so useful in visualizingfusion proteins in eukaryotes?

A)	The GFP protein recognizes and binds to fusion proteins allowingthe location of the fusion protein to be determined.

B)	The reaction is only dependent on the presence of GFP and oneother cofactor.

C)	It is easily cloned and expressed in bacterial cells.

D)	The presence of just a few molecules of GFP fusion proteins canbe sufficient for observing the proteins microscopically allowingthe study of its location and movements in the cell.

E)	It is derived from fire flies, which are easy to cultivate inthe lab.

You wish to determine the cellular location of a protein butunfortunately it is not particularly antigenic (can t develop astrong antibody response). How could you solve this problem?

A)	Create a fusion protein with an epitope tag that can bevisualized by incubation with fluorescently tagged antibody to theepitope.

B)	Create a fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP).

C)	Express the protein as a fusion with biotin. The addition of GFPwill cause fluorescence.

D)	A and B might work.

E)	A, B, and C might work.

F)	None of the above will work.

A positive result for the yeast two-hybrid analysis means thefollowing:

A)	The proteins that you are studying can be made into fusionproteins, but do NOT interact with each other within the nucleus ofyeast.

B)	A fusion protein containing the Gal4p activation domain, hasbound to RNA polymerase resulting increase transcription ofnumerous genes, including the reporter gene, and formation ofcolonies.

C)	Two fusion proteins, one containing the Gal4p binding sitedomain and one containing the Gal4p activation domain, haveinteracted through their Gal4p domains resulting in transcriptionof the reporter gene.

D)	Two fusion proteins interact with each other and because of theGal4p binding site domain and the Gal4p activation domain containedin each fusion protein, the reporter genes are activated and thecells die resulting in no colonies.

E)	The colonies growing are expressing the two fusion proteins, butthe two proteins have not interacted with each other.

Which of the following is the approximate size of the humangenome?

3 Gm

300 Kb

3 Mb

3 Gb

3 Mm

Which of the following is correct about the structure orlocation of genes?

Question 22 options:

A)	Prokaryotic genes typically possess their own regulatorysequences that only control expression of a single gene.

B)	Eukaryotic genes often encode introns that are spliced outbefore translation.

C)	Eukaryotic genes are mostly located at the telomeres and thecentromeres of chromosomes.

D)	Eukaryotic genes are typically arranged in operons.

E)	Prokaryotic genes often encode exons that are spliced out beforetranslation

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BIO_SC 1010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Genetically Modified Organism, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase

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