BIO_SC 1010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Embryonic Stem Cell, Adult Stem Cell, Stem-Cell Therapy
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Human Development
Vocabulary
Meiosis: process used to make gametes (reduces diploid → haploid)
Haploid: 1 copy of each chrom
Zona: protein surrounding the ovum that sperm have to break in order to achieve fertilization
Uterus: where the blastocyst lands and continues to develop into an embryo and then a fetus
Myelin: fatty covering of the brain that enhances brain power
Adult stem cells: multipotent stem cells humans have after they are blastocysts
Embryonic stem cells: control early human development and can become any type of cell
Stem Cell Therapy: isolate the patient’s adult stem cells → apply chemicals to force stem cells to
specialize
Fertilization: the fusion of a haploid egg w a haploid sperm to form a diploid zygote
Zygote: sperm and egg unite to make this diploid cell
Fallopian tubes: place where fertilization occurs in females
Fetus: stage of development 2 months after fertilization
Gastrulation: process where a blastocyst begins to organize into an embryo
Pluripotent: stem cells that have the ability to become any type of cell
Crossing over
Therapeutic cloning: use cloning to create patient embryonic stem cells
Gametes: reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
Blastocyst: contains embryonic stem cells
Prostate: gland found in males that secretes fluids to help sperm survive longer
Estrogen: female reproductive hormone
Specialized cells: cells with 1 specific function
Somatic cells: diploid body cells
Independent assortment
Induced Pluripotent cells: stem cells that are “induced” to be pluripotent
Diploid: 2 copies of each chrom
Testes: place where meiosis occurs in males
Cervix: area which fetus travels through during childbirth
Androgens
Unipotent: cells that are specialized, and have only 1 specific function
Multipotent: stem cells that are limited in what they can become
Study Questions
1. What's the difference between Diploid(2n)and haploid(1n)?
Diploid cells have two copies of chromosomes, haploid cells have only 1 copy
2. What type of cells are produced from the single diploid cell in meiosis? Are they diploid
or haploid? How many are produced from one cell?
During meiosis, 1 diploid cell is split into 4 haploid cells (gametes)
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3. What Is 2 purposes for meiosis?
1) To reduce chrom # from diploid to haploid
2) To increase genetic diversity--each egg/sperm is unique
4. How does fertilization compare to meiosis?
Fertilization is like the opposite of Meiosis, it’s the fusion of 2 haploid cells (egg and sperm) to
form 1 diploid cell (zygote)
5. What is the controversy in using stem cells?
Stem cells are best when they are embryonic stem cells, but the only way to get them is causes
involve destruction of blastocysts
6. What are specialized cells? What are stem cells?
Specialized cells only have 1 function, stem cells can become any cell, have multiple functions,
and replace damaged specialized cells
7. What do stem cells do naturally in the body? Where/when do you find them?
Stem cells can divide forever and replace damaged/old specialized cells
8. Why would one genetically modify stem cells as a treatment for disease?
To give it the ability to become any type of cell, easy to isolate, and unlikely to be damaged
9. What are the differences between adult and embryonic stem cells?
Embryonic: pluripotent (can become anything), easy to access, unlikely to be damaged
Adult: multipotent (limited into what it can become), hard/expensive to isolate, more likely to be
damaged
10. Can embryonic stem cells come from aborted pregnancies?
Yes--why it is controversial
11. Which type of stem cells have we been researching longer?
Adult Stem Cells
Genetics
Vocabulary
Gene: a section of DNA that stores info
Genetics: studies genetic material and how genes are passed from 1 generation to the next
Recessive: the allele that is masked
Pedigrees: a tool used to study occurences of a phenotype in families
Codominance: BOTH alleles show up in the phenotype of the individual
Allele: variations of a gene
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Meiosis: process used to make gametes (reduces diploid haploid) Zona: protein surrounding the ovum that sperm have to break in order to achieve fertilization. Uterus: where the blastocyst lands and continues to develop into an embryo and then a fetus. Myelin: fatty covering of the brain that enhances brain power. Adult stem cells: multipotent stem cells humans have after they are blastocysts. Embryonic stem cells: control early human development and can become any type of cell. Stem cell therapy: isolate the patient"s adult stem cells apply chemicals to force stem cells to specialize. Fertilization: the fusion of a haploid egg w a haploid sperm to form a diploid zygote. Zygote: sperm and egg unite to make this diploid cell. Fallopian tubes: place where fertilization occurs in females. Fetus: stage of development 2 months after fertilization. Gastrulation: process where a blastocyst begins to organize into an embryo. Pluripotent: stem cells that have the ability to become any type of cell.
