ANATOMY 2300.01 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Lean Body Mass, Calcium Metabolism, Low-Density Lipoprotein
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BACKGROUND
The amino acid sequence for a protein that is associated with the onset of Huntington's Disease in humans is 582 amino acids long and is provided below. This disease is autosomal dominant and results in a prolonged degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.
INSTRUCTIONS
For this assignment, use any method you determine most feasible (i.e. programming in MATlab, R script, Crystal Ball, Witchcraft/Hocus Pocus, etc.) to decipher the amino acid composition of this protein and answer the 15 questions associated with this protein and its associated amino acid structure.
You will be calculating proportions (percentages - %) for this assignment. Calculate all proportions to 1 decimal place and make sure you have rounded up or down correctly. If unsure, use a spreadsheet program such as Excel to display your proportional calculations to 1 decimal place.
Spelling matters (Incorrect spelling will be graded as such - incorrect).
Huntington Disease Associated Protein Amino Acid Sequence
The first amino acid below ('m') represents the amino (NH3) terminus of this protein. The last amino acid in this sequence represents the carboxy (COOH) terminus and is the very last 'c' at the bottom of this protein sequence structure. The amino acids are numbered individually across the rows (left to right) beginning from the amino terminus (#1) to the carboxy terminus (#582).
mvskreniat | hhlyqawdpv | pslspattga | lisheklllq | inperelgsm | syklgqvsih |
svwlgnsitp | lreeewdeee | eeeadapaps | spptspvnsr | khragvdihs | csqfllelys |
rwilpsssar | rtpailisev | vrsllvvsdl | fternqfelm | yvtltelrrv | hpsedeilaq |
ylvpatckaa | avlgmdkava | epvsrllest | lrsshlpsrv | galhgilyvl | ecdllddtak |
qlipvisdyl | lsnlkgiahc | vnihsqqhvl | vmcatafyli | enypldvgpe | fsasiiqmcg |
vmlsgseest | psiiyhcalr | glerlllseq | lsrldaeslv | klsvdrvnvh | sphramaalg |
lmltcmytgk | ekvspgrtsd | pnpaapdses | vivamervsv | lfdrirkgfp | cearvvaril |
pqflddffpp | qdimnkvige | flsnqqpypq | fmatvvykvf | qtlhstgqss | mvrdwvmlsl |
snftqrapva | matwslscff | vsastspwva | ailphvisrm | gkleqvdvnl | fclvatdfyr |
hqieeeldrr | afqsvlevva | apgspyhrll | tclrnvhkvt | tc | CARBOXY TERMINUS |
I need these decoded in order to answer the following questions:
a.) What is the name of the least abundant amino acid in this protein and what proportion of the total amino acids in the protein does this individual amino acid represent?
b.) What is the proportion of essential amino acids included in this protein sequence?
c.)How many Tryptophan residues are present in this protein sequence?
d.) The amino acid sequence from residues 73-85 is represented by the amino acids EEEWDEEEEEEAD, how would you generally classify this small region of the protein
e.) Two amino acids are present in the same proportion in this protein, which two are those?
f.) How many positively charged amino acids are present in this protein?
g.)Which class of amino acids is the most abundant in this protein?
h.) What amino acid(s) is/are present at locations 572 and 582 in the Huntington Disease protein (Full Amino Acid Name(s))
i.) What type of structure could form between these amino acids that could help stabilize this protein's structure?
j.) How many valine residues are present in this protein?
k.)Which class of amino acids is least abundant in this protein?
l.) How may negatively charged amino acids are present in the Huntington disease protein?
m.) How many Aspartic Acid residues are present in this protein and what proportion do they represent of the total amino acids in this protein?
n.)Summed together, how many hydrophilic amino acid residues are present in this protein?
o.)What is the sequence of amino acids from positions 487-492 (First letters only)?
p.) How would you classify this area of the Huntington protein based on these amino acids?
Question 9
Codominance is a form of inheritance in which two different allelesfor a gene are both expressed, and neither allele is dominant overthe other. One example of codominance is fur color in cattle; thealleles for red fur and white fur are codominant. If a homozygousred cow and a homozygous white bull mate, what would you expect tofind in their offspring?.912.l.16.2>
They will all have white fur.
Their fur will be a mixture of red and white hairs.
Their fur will be a lighter shade of red.
They will all have red fur.
Question 10
If a tRNA molecule has an anticodon which reads AUG, what will itmatch up with and what amino acid is it carrying?
.912.l.16.5>
U | C | A | G | ||||||
UUU | Phenylalanine | UCU | Serine | UAU | Tyrosine | UGU | Cysteine | U | |
U | UUC | Phenylalanine | UCC | Serine | UAC | Tyrosine | UGC | Cysteine | C |
UUA | Leucine | UCA | Serine | UAA | Stop | UGA | Stop | A | |
UUG | Leucine | UCG | Serine | UAG | Stop | UGG | Tryptophan | G | |
CUU | Leucine | CCU | Proline | CAU | Hisitidine | CGU | Arginine | U | |
C | CUC | Leucine | CCC | Proline | CAC | Hisitidine | CGC | Arginine | C |
CUA | Leucine | CCA | Proline | CAA | Glutamine | CGA | Arginine | A | |
CUG | Leucine | CCG | Proline | CAG | Glutamine | CGG | Arginine | G | |
AUU | Isoleucine | ACU | Threonine | AAU | Asparagine | AGU | Serine | U | |
A | AUC | Isoleucine | ACC | Threonine | AAC | Asparagine | AGC | Serine | C |
AUA | Isoleucine | ACA | Threonine | AAA | Lysine | AGA | Arginine | A | |
AUG | Methionine/Start | ACG | Threonine | AAG | Lysine | AGG | Arginine | G | |
GUU | Valine | GCU | Alanine | GAU | Aspartate | GGU | Glycine | U | |
G | GUC | Valine | GCC | Alanine | GAC | Aspartate | GGC | Glycine | C |
GUA | Valine | GCA | Alanine | GAA | Glutamate | GGA | Glycine | A | |
GUG | Valine | GCG | Alanine | GAG | Glutamate | GGG | Glycine | G |
It is carrying arginine and will match with a CGU codon on themRNA.
It is carrying methionine and will match with a TAC codon on theDNA.
It is carrying methionine and will match with a UAC codon on themRNA.
It is carrying tyrosine and will match with a UAC codon on themRNA.
Question 11
While the DNA in a human skin cell was being replicated, a singlebase was miscopied. What will be the most likely result of this forthe cell in which it happened?.912.l.16.3>
All the proteins the cell creates from the miscopied strand willdo different jobs than the old ones.
If the new sequence codes for the same amino acid as theoriginal cell, it will function normally.
Both new DNA strands will end up together in a new cell, and theinaccurate one will be discarded.
Any miscopied DNA will be replaced with an accurate DNA copyonce the cell divides.
Question 12
A ferret's haploid number of chromosomes is 20. How would thenumber of chromosomes in the ferret's body cells compare to thenumber of chromosomes in its gametes?.912.l.16.17>
Its body cells would have 20 chromosomes, and its gametes wouldhave 40 chromosomes.
Its body cells and gametes would both have 40 chromosomes.
Its body cells and gametes would both have 20 chromosomes.
Its body cells would have 40 chromosomes, and its gametes wouldhave 20 chromosomes.
Question 13
A body cell is in the longest stage of its life cycle. The cellgrows, synthesizing proteins and increasing in size. Eventually,the cell will grow too large to carry out normal activities. Whichof the following is the best conclusion you can make about the lifecycle of this cell?.912.l.16.14>
The cell is close to the end of its life cycle, and a chemicalsignal will initiate cell death.
The cell is ready to undergo mitosis, and a chemical signal willsend the cell to prophase.
The cell is in the G1 phase of interphase, and a chemical signalwill send the cell to the S phase.
The cell is in the S phase of interphase, and a chemical signalwill move the cell to the G2 phase.
Question 14
While mRNA strands are being created a sequence is sometimesmiscopied. What is the best possible outcome for the cell shouldthis take place?.912.l.16.5>
The miscopied sequence codes for the same amino acids as theoriginal sequence.
The new sequence creates a protein that serves a differentfunction from the original.
The ribosomes will correct the mistake before the tRNA matchesan amino acid to it.
The mRNA will only be used to create non-critical proteins forthe cell.
Question 15
Over the last several decades, the scientific community hasgathered a large amount of information regarding genetics andgenetic variation. What are two main sources that lead toincreased genetic variation?.912.l.15.15>
Selective breeding
Gamete mutations
Recombination
Genetic drift