EAPS 10400 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Water Vapor, Ice Sheet, Greenhouse Effect
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
EAPS 10400
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Module 1
Lecture 1: Ocean Basins (Chapter 4)
• steam boat-steam engine
• sounding: dropping weight with rope and measuring rope when it strike the bottom
• hemp rope-piano wire-steel cable
• sikig of Titai propted deelopet of ieerg detetor that used soud aes…
eventually SONAR = Sound Navigation and Ranging
o pulse bounces back = iceberg
What event led to the development of SONAR? -Sinking of the Titanic
• speed of sound in sea water = 1500 m/s
• beam of sound waves travels to bottom and reflected back to ship
• depth = V (T/2)
If sound in ocean water travels at 1500 m/s and the SONAR ping takes 4 seconds to reach the ship, how
many meters deep is the bottom? -3000 m/s
• Multibeam reader- further the depth, bigger the spread of beam reader
o Red- shallow
o Blue- deeper
The deeper the water the wider the multibeam detection path. -True
• Change in return time means a change in surface altitude
Geosat can determine the depth of an ocean by? -measuring the height of the ocean surface
• Advantage of geosat: taking thousands of measurements every second- allows it to average out
= average mean sea level
Geosat can accurately measure the height of an ocean because? -it can average 1,000s of
measurements and eliminate surface wave interference; fier piture of hat’s goig o eeath the
surface
• Underwater exploration by humans- Bathyscaphe Triste = 1960 famous for being first vessel to
reach deepest part of ocean
• Mariana Trench- deepest part of ocean 6.8 miles deep.. little taller than Mount Everest halfway
between Japan and Papa New Guniea
The deepest part of the ocean is known as? -The Challenger Deep
• Bathyscaphe Sphere- people go in there and see out a single port- not very versatile
• The Alvin came next- robotic arms, cameras, still in service
• The gym suit- In 1979, oceanographer Sylvia Earle set an ocean depth record of 1250 feet
(381m) using the gym suit. This is about 3 times deeper than the deep scuba diving.
• James Cameron producer of Titanic set record for longest submersion in the challenger deep
• Rootis eolig so do’t hae the hua ost of a life
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Designed to observe not take depths
• Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems- seawater is being heated by lava near the ocean bottom that
creates hot water and chemical reactions. There is life that uses these chemical reactions called
chemosynthesis. Known for only about 30 years. Black smokers- Hydrogen Sulfide... develop
tube worms
• Cold Seep Ecosystems- underwater lake- ery salty ater… more dense, so sinks to the bottom.
Separated by density... clams, tube worms- use methane as energy source instead of
photosynthesis
• Geographical Information System- computer programs that allow us to view different layers of
spatial data. Google Earth.
GIS is an acronym for? – Geographical Information System
• Detailed pictures of the sea floor bottom- GIS
o Oceanic ridges
o Plate tectonics
o Visual data to interpret spreading apart and lead to the theory of plate tectonics
• What covers the earths Surface?
o About 29% continents
▪ 11% is underneath the ocean
• Shelves
• Slopes
o The other 71% is ocean bottom
▪ Mainly basins (30%) and ridges (22%)
▪ Remainder is trenches, hills, islands, arcs, and seamounts
What fraction of continents are under the ocean? -11%
The average depth of the ocean is? -3,800 meters and 3.8 km
• Topography in between South America and Africa- Atlantic Ridge (like Rocky Mountains)
A West Africa to East South America transect along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean would? -have
topography similar to that of the United State
• The earth is a series of plates that are moving around- plate tectonics
• Atlantic Ridge- 3.0 cm per year
• Pacific Ridge- 10.3 cm per year
The Atlantic Oceanic Ridge is spreading faster than the Pacific Ridge. -False
• Active margin- where two plates are bumping into each other- one will go under the other and
subduct
o Spreading region- two plates separating
o Subducting- two plates colliding
• plasti udereath Is heated, ooled, rises up, pushig through the iddle- sea floor
spreading
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Sinking of the titanic speed of sound in sea water = 1500 m/s: beam of sound waves travels to bottom and reflected back to ship, depth = v (t/2) 3000 m/s: multibeam reader- further the depth, bigger the spread of beam reader, red- shallow, blue- deeper. The deeper the water the wider the multibeam detection path. True: change in return time means a change in surface altitude. Measuring the height of the ocean surface: advantage of geosat: taking thousands of measurements every second- allows it to average out. This is about 3 times deeper than the deep scuba diving. There is life that uses these chemical reactions called chemosynthesis. Black smokers- hydrogen sulfide develop tube worms: cold seep ecosystems- underwater lake- (cid:448)ery salty (cid:449)ater more dense, so sinks to the bottom. Separated by density clams, tube worms- use methane as energy source instead of photosynthesis: geographical information system- computer programs that allow us to view different layers of spatial data.
