BIO 203 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Adenosine Triphosphate, Water
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIO 203
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
What is Physiology?
A physiologist is interest in how things work
Formal Definition: The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
Operational Definition: The study of how cells interact with their environment to obtain the things
required for life ("Vital" substances)
1. Vital substances: water, salts, oxygen, nutrients, heat, etc..
Focus of BIO 203 is animal physiology
Organization of complex biological organisms
1. Cellular Level: four different types
a. Epithelial
b. Connective tissue
c. Nerve
d. Muscle
2. Tissue Level: groups of cells with common structure/function
3. Organ Level: organization of different tissues to perform specific functions
4. System Level: several organs carry out major body functions
Basic Principles frame the way we think about questions
All Life:
1. Is aquatic
a. Body fluids of all animals have the same general composition
i. H2O and salts are very much like sea water
b. Water in the major component and is
i. 75% of body weight (in humans)
ii. 99% of all molecules (in humans)
c. Salts (simple inorganic substances)
i. 0.75% of all molecules are salts (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, Zn++, PO4-)
d. Biochemical substances (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.)
i. 0.25% of molecules
2. Is compartmentalized
a. Separation of substances in different compartments
b. The cell is the basic unit (compartment)
c. The major fluid compartments inside organisms
i. Intracellular fluid (ICF): inside of cells
ii. Extracellular fluid (ECF): outside of cells
1. Ex: Interstitial fluid: ECF that is not in the circulatory system
2. ECF can also be compartmentalized. I.e. circulatory system
d. Asymmetric distribution of ions between different compartments:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
ECF
High
100-140 mM
Low
1-10 mM
Low
1-3 mM
ICF
Low
1-10 mM
High
100-140 mM
Very low
nM
The cell must be maintaining a low calcium level/gradient because calcium is a very
important signal
e. Asymmetries between compartments are essential for physiological processes
i. A fundamental challenge for all organisms is how to maintain asymmetry
1. Hard to transport substances selectively between compartments
2. Trade-offs
a. E.g. lose H2O during respiration
b. E.g. lose H2O during thermoregulation
3. Deals with the same fundamental problems
a. Many animals have solved fundamental problems in interesting ways
i. Can gain unique and distinctive insights by looking at different animals
1. Examples of fundamental problems:
a. Need energy. All living systems need a form of energy
b. Thermoregulation (depends on the organism)
c. Waste disposal
d. Obtaining vital substances
e. Reproduction
ii. Comparative Physiology
b. All life requires the input of energy
i. Life is energetically unfavorable. We need energy to survive
c. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the principle form of energy used by cells
i.
d. Cellular respiration allows you to make ATP
i. Aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
A physiologist is interest in how things work. Formal definition: the biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. Operational definition: the study of how cells interact with their environment to obtain the things required for life (vital substances: vital substances: water, salts, oxygen, nutrients, heat, etc Basic principles frame the way we think about questions. Is aquatic: body fluids of all animals have the same general composition. H2o and salts are very much like sea water: water in the major component and is. 99% of all molecules (in humans: salts (simple inorganic substances) 0. 75% of all molecules are salts (na+, k+, cl-, ca++, mg++, zn++, po4-: biochemical substances (proteins, nucleic acids, etc. ) Is compartmentalized: separation of substances in different compartments, the cell is the basic unit (compartment, the major fluid compartments inside organisms. Extracellular fluid (ecf): outside of cells: ex: interstitial fluid: ecf that is not in the circulatory system, ecf can also be compartmentalized.
