HY 102 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Kingdom Of England, Christianity, Kingdom Of France
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
HY 102
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
C H A P T E R 1 – E A R L Y C I V I L I Z A T I O N S
I.Introduction
A. Çatalhöyük—seven thousand to nine thousand years ago (south central Turkey)
1. A "city" of eight thousand living in two thousand homes
2. An organized and technologically sophisticated society
3. Religious rites and burial of the dead
4. Domesticated plants and animals
5. Little division of labor
6. How do we explain the emergence of Çatalhöyük?
II. The Stone Age Background
. Prehistory: before written records appeared (c. 3000 B.C.E.)
A. Early man and archaeological evidence
1. Tool-making hominids appear about 2 million years ago
2. Paleolithic man (Old Stone Age)
3. Heidelberg man (three hundred fifty thousand years ago)— deliberately buried their dead
4. Neanderthal (thirty thousand to two hundred thousand years ago)—abstract thought?
5. Upper Paleolithic Age, c. 40,000 B.C.E.
a. Homo sapiens sapiens
b. Finely crafted tools
c. Cave paintings at Lascaux
B. Hunters and gatherers constantly on the move (c. 11,000 B.C.E.)
C. Social, economic, and political consequences
1. Without domesticated animals, there were no significant material possessions
2. Disparities in wealth unlikely to occur
3. Hierarchical structures of leadership unknown
4. Undeveloped division of labor
5. Acquiring food and tools the top priority
6. No storable surpluses
III. The Neolithic Revolution: New Stone Age, c. 11,000 B.C.E.
. Major characteristics
1. Development of managed food production
2. Permanent settlements
3. Intensification of trade
4. More complex society
5. Specialization
6. Social distinctions
A. The origins of food production in the ancient Near East
1. Domestication of plants and animals
2. A gradual process with revolutionary consequences
3. The Fertile Crescent (ancient western Asia/ancient Near East)
4. Population increase
5. Surplus and storage
6. Why did the agricultural revolution take place?
B. The emergence of towns and villages
1. Emergence of villages
2. Jericho (c. 9000 B.C.E.)
. Grain-producing settlement
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a. Massive building program (walls and a tower)
b. Supported three thousand inhabitants
c. Pottery used for storage
3. Food storage
. Led to inabilities of wealth
a. Tied people to a specific community
4. The rise of a priestly class
. A bridge to political forms of authority
5. Trade and the exchange of commodities
. Accelerated exchange of commodities and new ideas
a. Increasing social stratification
b. Social elites
IV. The Development of Urban Civilization in Mesopotamia
. Mesopotamia ("the land between the rivers")
1. The Tigris and Euphrates
2. Irrigation
A. Ubaid culture
1. Sophisticated irrigation systems
2. Temple-building
3. Religious structure
. Rise of a priestly class
a. Managing economic resources
B. Urbanism in the Uruk Period (4300- 2900 B.C.E.)
1. Transition to Sumerian city-states
. Temple architecture
a. Urbanization and expansion of trade routes
C. The development of writing
1. Record-keeping
2. Pictographs
3. Cuneiform ("wedge-shaped writing")
4. Scribal schools ("Houses of the Tablet")
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