BIO 100 Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Guide: Unsaturated Fat, Nuclear Membrane, Nuclear Pore

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harlequinfox454

1 Dec 2016

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Know the next most abundant elements that make up about 4% of living cells. Required by an organism in small quantities. Be able to read a periodic table and understand the purpose of atomic mass and atomic number. Atomic mass: the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. Atomic number: number of protons within an atom. Know the bonds that hold molecules together and be able to order them by bond strength. Covalent: the electrons between the 2 atoms are being shared (water). Ionic: atoms become close enough for one to give the electron to the other making one positively and one negatively charged (sodium chloride). Hydrogen: positive/negative interactions between polar molecules (slight charge) (h2o, dna, carbs). Millions of interactions which are individually very (cid:449)eak, (cid:271)ut (cid:272)olle(cid:272)ti(cid:448)el(cid:455) (cid:448)er(cid:455) stro(cid:374)g (cid:894)ge(cid:272)o"s feet(cid:895). When carbon forms four single bonds, the bonds angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron.

Related Questions

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

centrioles and motor proteins

microtubules and motor proteins

actin filaments and motor proteins

actin filaments and microtubules

actin filaments and ribosomes

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

The negatively charged oxygen atom attracts the positively charged hydrogen atoms.

The oxygen is found between the two hydrogens.

It remains liquid even at very low temperatures.

Both hydrogens are at one end of the molecule, and oxygen is at the other end.

Its electrons spend more time with its oxygen than with either hydrogen.

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes have cells while eukaryotes do not.

Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism.

Which of the following is not a necessary component of life?

needs energy

uses DNA for heredity

breathes oxygen

irritability

depends on other living forms

Lipids _____.

contain less energy than proteins and carbohydrates

are made by dehydration reactions

are insoluble in water

contain sulfur polymers

are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and nitrogen

What is biology?

the study of life

the study of genetics

the study of biomes

the study of the environment

the naming and classifying of species

_____ is an example of an element.

With what are saturated fats saturated?

Beryllium's atomic mass is 9, and its atomic number is 4. How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom?

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

bluebeaver798

Material Science

Question 1

Muscle fibers slide smoothly across each other in both directions.

True

False

Question 2

Cell membranes are composed of single layers of fat molecules.

True

False

Question 3

In mammals, the percentage composition of fats and minerals is roughly the same.

True

False

Question 4

Both RNA and DNA have a double helix structure.

True

False

Question 5

The primary constituents of muscles are

	a)	the proteins kerotin and actin
	b)	the proteins lycine and actin
	c)	the proteins actin and liposine
	d)	the proteins glycine and lycine
	e)	the proteins myocin and actin

Question 6

Hydroxyapatite is a component of endoskeletons.

True

False

Question 7

There are thousands of types of amino acids.

True

False

Question 8

Amorphous silicon is a component of some biomaterials.

True

False

Question 9

The biosynthesis of both collagen and polysaccharides starts in the cell nucleus.

True

False

Question 10

After going through alkyline hydrolysis, the remaining solids are primarily hydroxyapatite.

True

False

Question 11

Calcium carbonate is a mineral found in some biomaterials.

True

False

Question 12

Proteins, chitin, and cellulose are build up from proteins

True

False

Question 13

There are thousands of types of proteins.

True

False

Question 14

Chitin is the most abundant natural polymer.

True

False

Question 15

Keratin is formed from a structure of living cells.

True

False

Question 16

Some biopolymers are hard.

True

False

Question 17

Polymeric biomaterials are comprised of collagen and elastin.

True

False

Question 18

Cell membranes are made of double layers of proteins.

True

False

Question 19

Which is NOT an example of a hard biopolymer?

		a)Eggs
		b)Insect Shells
		c)Hooves
		d)Nails
		e)Cellulose

Question 20

Polysaccharides are built up hierarchically from amino acids.

True

False

Question 21

Unit cells have faces that are

	a)	rhombus
	b)	square
	c)	rectangular
	d)	parallelegrams
	e)	circular

Question 22

Unit cells are

		a)the building blocks of crystalline material
		b)the building blocks of DNA
		c)the building blocks of polymers
		d)the building blocks of amorphous materials
		e)the building blocks of biomaterials

Question 23

Which radioactive semi-metal is the only element with a Simple-Cubic (SC) structure?

		a)Polonium
		b)Uranium
		c)Radium
		d)Plutonium
		e)Dilthium

Question 24

The common crystal structures in metal are

		a)FCC, BCC, HCP
		b)FCC, BCC, HCP, and SC
		c)HCC, BCC, FCP
		d)HCC, BCC, FCP and SC
		e)FCC, SEC, BCC

Question 25

Diffraction results in

		a)constructive interference
		b)delamination of the planes
		c)reverse polarization
		d)altered planar spacing
		e)destructive interference

Question 26

Unit cell indexing schemes provide

		a)location information for grain boundaries
		b)descriptions of the atoms, planes, and axis directions
		c)diffraction indexes for the crystal material
		d)the location of the unit cell in the larger crystalline matrix
		e)the packing arrangement

Question 27

Hexagonal crystal structures cannot be close-packed.

True

False

Question 28

To determine crystal structure and spacing, scientists use

		a)magnetic resonance imaging
		b)X-ray diffraction
		c)optical microscopes
		d)scanning electron microscopes
		e)atomic force microscopes

Question 29

A scanning probe (aka atomic force) microscope can be used to image and manipulate individual atoms.

True

False

Question 30

Crystal planar density is taken as

		a)the number of atoms per unit area for a plane
		b)the planar stacking order
		c)the number of atoms that are closely packed
		d)the number of equivalent atoms per unit cell
		e)the number of atoms per unit length for an axis

Question 31

The atomic packing factor represents

		a)the mass ratio of the unit cell
		b)the number of nearest-neighbor atoms
		c)the fraction of solid sphere volume in the unit cell
		d)the unit cell edge length (a) divided by the atomic radius (R)
		e)the density of the material

Question 32

When an elemental solid can have more than one crystal structure, it is said to have

		a)allotropy
		b)polymorphism
		c)polytropy
		d)elemorphism
		e)anthropomorphis

Question 33

The crystallographic linear density

		a)is determined by the atomic packing factor
		b)is six for HCP unit cells
		c)is five for BCP unit cells
		d)is determined by the coordination number
		e)is how many atoms lie along a unit length in that direction

Question 34

Bragg's law specifies

		a)the condition for when electrons will be refracted upon striking a crystal
		b)the condition for when light will be polarized upon striking a crystal
		c)the condition for when x-rays will be absorbed upon striking a crystal
		d)the condition for when x-rays will be refracted upon striking a crystal
		e)the condition for when light will be refracted upon striking a crystal

Question 35

Two features of a crystal unit cell structure are

		a)atomic number and elemental packing factor
		b)the number of interstitial and host atoms
		c)coordination number and atomic packing factor
		d)the number of faces and the number of atoms
		e)the number of substitutional and interstitial atoms

Question 36

Imperfections in semiconductors are used to create transistors and other electronic devices.

True

False

Question 37

The majority of crystalline solids are single crystals

True

False

Question 38

The grain structure of a polycrystalline material can be observed in the material without significant preparation.

True

False

Question 39

There are three types of electron microscopes, Transmission (TEM), Scanning (SEM), and Tunneling (TUEM).

True

False

Question 40

Defects are important for solid catalysts

True

False

Question 41

The mean intercept length is a measure of grain diameter.

True

False

Question 42

Imperfections in materials do not generally change their properties.

True

False

Question 43

The mean intercept length is computed from the average length of a grain boundary edge.

True

False

Question 44

Catalysts chemically combine with the reactant molecules in order to speed up the reaction.

True

False

Question 45

For a particular material, the higher the temperature the greater the number of vacancies.

True

False

Question 46

A twin boundary is a linear defect where the screw angles on each side of the boundary are equal.

True

False

Question 47

The regular pattern of crystal order is disrupted at a grain boundary.

True

False

Question 48

Solid solutions can only be formed by liquid material cooling to a solid.

True

False

Question 49

Alloys do not usually have significantly difference properties of the constituent metals.

True

False

Question 50

When an atom is missing from a crystal structure position, it is referred to as a self-interstitial.

True

False

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BIO 100 Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Guide: Unsaturated Fat, Nuclear Membrane, Nuclear Pore

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