BIOL 3113 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Atp Hydrolysis, Electron Microscope
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Value: 1
Anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that:
a. build complex molecules from simple ones.
b. release stored chemical energy.
c. take place primarily in skeletal muscle
d. make large quantities of ATP.
Value: 2
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as _______________.
Value: 3
Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are:
a. photoautotrophs.
b. chemoautotrophs.
c. chemoheterotrophs.
d. photoheterotrophs
Value: 4
It is often stated that the phosphate bonds in ATP are "high energy," but in fact, they are not notably high in energy. Rather, they are easy to break, and the âG of hydrolysis is a "useful" quantity of energy. What makes the phosphate bonds easy to break?
a. They are close to the destabilizing nitrogenous base adenosine
b. Positive charges on amino groups repel each other.
c. Negative charges on phosphate groups repel each other
d. High acidity attacks bonds between amino acids.
Value: 5
Which of the following describes ATP hydrolysis? Select all that apply
[mark all correct answers]
a. exergonic
b. spontaneous
c. often coupled to a reaction that has a positive ÎG
Value: 6
Which of the following describes catabolic reactions?
a. They are endergonic and have a negative change in free energy
b. They are exergonic and have a negative change in free energy
c. They are exergonic and have a positive change in free energy.
d. They are endergonic and have a positive change in free energy.
Value: 7
Why are cells not infinitely big?
a. Because they wouldn't fit in an organism
b. Because they would have a small surface area:volume ratio and substances would diffuse in and out too slowly
c. Because they would have a large surface area to volume ratio and substances would diffuse in and out too quickly
Value: 9
How is organelle movement around cells controlled?
a. the nucleus directs the movement of organelles in a cell
b. the cytoskeleton is like a monorail that moves organelles in a cell via motor proteins
c. organelles do not move, they have a fixed position in the cell
d. organelles move by facilitated diffusion in the cell
Value: 10
1. Prokaryotic cells lack:
a. a. A nucleus
b. organelles
c. cell membrane
d. DNA
e. A and B
Value: 11
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
a. a. Makes cell membranes
b. has ribosomes attached
c. are a site of protein synthesis
d. all of the above
Value: 12
Match the items.
The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
| a. help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles. | |
| b. Takes in molecules in transport vesicles, modifies them, and sends them back out in vesicles | |
| c. makes sugar | |
| d. makes ATP | |
| e. assembles the ribosomes | |
| f. gives the cell structure | |
| g. move material around the cell | |
| 1. vesicles | a b c d e f g |
| 2. cytoskeleton | a b c d e f g |
| 3. the golgi apparatus | a b c d e f g |
| 4. lysosomes | a b c d e f g |
| 5. mitochondrion | a b c d e f g |
| 6. chloroplast | a b c d e f g |
| 7. nucleolus | |
QUESTION 1
Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?
| a. | IP3 | |
| b. | cAMP | |
| c. | Insulin | |
| d. | Diacylglycerol |
2 points
QUESTION 2
Nuclear hormone receptors _____
| a. | Bind to water soluble ligands | |
| b. | Activate second messengers | |
| c. | Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding | |
| d. | Are normally located on the plasma membrane |
2 points
QUESTION 3
Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?
| a. | Phosphorylation of the RTK | |
| b. | Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK | |
| c. | Dimerization of the RTK | |
| d. | The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription |
2 points
QUESTION 4
Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?
| a. | An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP3, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| b. | A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP3, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| c. | An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| d. | A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. |
2 points
QUESTION 5
Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?
| a. | activation of an enzyme molecule | |
| b. | activation of a specific gene by a growth factor | |
| c. | Breakdown of many cAMP molecules | |
| d. | activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event |
2 points
QUESTION 6
Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?
| The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP | ||
| The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive | ||
| The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits | ||
| The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP |
2 points
QUESTION 7
Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]
| Receptor protein | ||
| Extracellular signal molecule | ||
| Intracellular signaling molecule | ||
| Cellular response | ||
| Effector protein |
2 points
QUESTION 8
The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:
| Adenylyl phosphatase | ||
| Adenylyl kinase | ||
| Adenylyl dehydrogenase | ||
| Adenylyl cyclase |
2 points
QUESTION 9
If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?
| It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. | ||
| It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. | ||
| It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger. | ||
| It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal. |
2 points
QUESTION 10
A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?
| Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response | ||
| Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal | ||
| Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond | ||
| Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it |
It's a quiz for my life science class.
QUESTION 1
Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same
| A. | species. | |
| B. | family. | |
| C. | class. | |
| D. | genus. | |
| E. | order. |
5 points
QUESTION 2
The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)
| A. | molecule. | |
| B. | cell. | |
| C. | organism. | |
| D. | tissue. |
5 points
QUESTION 3
In populations, adaptation usually arises through
| A. | responsiveness. | |
| B. | heredity. | |
| C. | metabolism. | |
| D. | natural selection. | |
| E. | development. |
5 points
QUESTION 4
Scientists have found that ancient fossils
| A. | are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils. | |
| B. | are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils. | |
| C. | are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils. | |
| D. | are very similar to present-day organisms. | |
| E. | bear no resemblance to present-day organisms. |
5 points
QUESTION 5
What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?
| A. | herpetology | |
| B. | analogy | |
| C. | zoology | |
| D. | ecology | |
| E. | ichnology |
5 points
QUESTION 6
Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:
| A. | motility. | |
| B. | a high degree of organization. | |
| C. | lack of change from generation to generation. | |
| D. | reproduction. | |
| E. | responsiveness to stimuli. |
5 points
QUESTION 7
The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.
| A. | phylum | |
| B. | class | |
| C. | family | |
| D. | species | |
| E. | genus |
5 points
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?
| A. | organ system | |
| B. | molecule | |
| C. | organelle | |
| D. | cell | |
| E. | tissue |
5 points
QUESTION 9
Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?
| A. | preadaptation | |
| B. | special creation | |
| C. | inheritance of acquired characteristics. | |
| D. | taxonomy | |
| E. | evolution |
5 points
QUESTION 10
If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?
| A. | organismal | |
| B. | community | |
| C. | ecosystem | |
| D. | population | |
| E. | biosphere |
5 points
QUESTION 11
Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?
| A. | organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles | |
| B. | organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms | |
| C. | organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms | |
| D. | tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms | |
| E. | cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms |
5 points
QUESTION 12
When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?
| A. | biosphere | |
| B. | population | |
| C. | species | |
| D. | ecosystem |
5 points
QUESTION 13
The units of inheritance are
| A. | evolutions. | |
| B. | heredities. | |
| C. | genes | |
| D. | twins. | |
| E. | metabolic activities. |
5 points
QUESTION 14
Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction
| A. | require another organism to reproduce. | |
| B. | are usually very complex. | |
| C. | produce offspring that are different from each other. | |
| D. | do not require energy to reproduce. | |
| E. | produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent. |
5 points
QUESTION 15
All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a
| A. | biosphere. | |
| B. | community. | |
| C. | biosystem. | |
| D. | population. | |
| E. | ecosystem. |
5 points
QUESTION 16
The first step in the scientific method is to
| A. | identify a problem. | |
| B. | predict the results of an experiment. | |
| C. | propose a solution. | |
| D. | draw a conclusion. | |
| E. | perform an experiment. |
5 points
QUESTION 17
Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:
| A. | heredity. | |
| B. | metabolism. | |
| C. | development. | |
| D. | evolution. | |
| E. | heredity. |
5 points
QUESTION 18
To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must
| A. | carry on metabolism. | |
| B. | reproduce. | |
| C. | constantly change. | |
| D. | be able to move. | |
| E. | extract energy from sunlight. |
5 points
QUESTION 19
Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?
| A. | family | |
| B. | phylum | |
| C. | domain | |
| D. | kingdom | |
| E. | order |
5 points
QUESTION 20
Fungi are classified into which domain?
| A. | Archaea | |
| B. | Eukarya | |
| C. | Bacteria | |
| D. | Fungi |
