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B STR 301 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Genetic Disorder, Natural Killer Cell, Sinoatrial Node

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indigobuffalo444
27 Jun 2018
School
UW
Department
Biological Structure
Course
B STR 301
Professor
Ronald E Stenkamp

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WEEK 6 OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the components of the circulatory system and its
general function.
- Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
- A pump with circuits to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other products to tissues and
cells
- Removes wastes from tissues and cells
-Blood vessels:
oArteries: carry blood away from the heart
oVeins: carry blood towards the heart
oDeoxygenated blood: low amount of oxygen
oOxygenated blood: high amount of oxygen
-Pulmonary circuit:
oBlood flows from the RIGHT heart to the LUNGS and back to the heart
oGas exchange in the LUNGS
Blood becomes OXYGENATED (oxygen is added to the blood by the lungs)
-Systemic circuit:
oBlood flows from the LEFT heart to all BODY ORGANS and back to the heart
oGas exchange in ORGANS
Blood is DEOXYGENATED (oxygen is released to the organs)
2. Describe the basic components and properties of blood.
-Blood functions:
oTransport materials around the body
Nutrients
Glucose
Salts
Taking away waste products from the cells
oHomeostasis
pH
TB (basal body temperature)
Hydration of cells (blood is mostly water)
oProtection against fluid loss (clotting) and disease (white blood cells)
-Blood characteristics:
oType of fluid connective tissue
opH range= slightly basic (7.35-7.45)
ovolume: males tend to have a bit more blood
5-6L in males
4-5L in females
oPlasma (liquid portion) + formed elements (packed cell volume)
-Components and general properties of blood:
oPlasma:
Clear, extracellular fluid (matrix)
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WEEK 6 OBJECTIVES
55% of whole blood
Water (92%)
Suspended substances:
Plasma proteins
Ions
Nutrients, hormones, and waste products
Dissolves gases
oFormed elements:
Cells and cell fragments
Make up about 45% of whole blood
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Myeloid Hemopoiesis: occurs in red bone marrow
Production of blood cells in bone marrow
All types of formed elements are produced in red bone marrow
3. Explain the basic functions of each of the blood proteins
-Types of plasma proteins:
oAlbumin (60%):
Colloidal osmotic pressure
Filtration/flow of water from capillaries  tissues
More albumins = greater pick up of fluids from tissues into
capillaries
Buffer
Transport (bilirubin)
Some things are not water soluble, so you need to attach protein
in order to have them move through the blood
oGlobulins (36%):
Immunoglobulins: antibodies for body defense against infection
Complement: chemicals for defense against infection
Transport:
Transferrin: iron
Lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL): cholesterol
oFibrinogen (4%):
Blood clotting protein
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WEEK 6 OBJECTIVES
4. Describe the structure and function of erythrocytes
- Function to TRANSPORT OXYGEN
- Secondarily to transport CO2
- About 5million/microliter of blood
-Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells
oOccurs in the
red bone marrow of long bones, ribs, sternum after puberty;
spleen and liver of fetus
oHormones stimulate erythropoiesis:
erythropoietin: a peptide hormone from kidneys, released due to
hypoxia (low tissue oxygen levels)
testosterone
-Hematocrit: measures oxygen carrying capacity in blood
oamount of erythrocyte/RBC in blood
opacked cell volume
onormal values
males = 45%-52%
females = 37%-48%
5. Discuss the formation, life span, and death or erythrocytes
- No nucleus
- Size: slightly smaller than capillaries
- Biconcave disc
oMaximizes surface area to volume ratio
oDecrease diffusion distance
oAllow cell to flex when moving through small capillaries
-Erythrocyte life cycle:
oErythropoiesis: production of RBC
Originate from hemopoietic stem cells
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Document Summary

Week 6 objectives: describe the components of the circulatory system and its general function. A pump with circuits to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other products to tissues and cells. Blood vessels: arteries: carry blood away from the heart, veins: carry blood towards the heart, deoxygenated blood: low amount of oxygen, oxygenated blood: high amount of oxygen. Pulmonary circuit: blood flows from the right heart to the lungs and back to the heart, gas exchange in the lungs. Blood becomes oxygenated (oxygen is added to the blood by the lungs) Systemic circuit: blood flows from the left heart to all body organs and back to the heart, gas exchange in organs. Blood is deoxygenated (oxygen is released to the organs: describe the basic components and properties of blood. Blood functions: transport materials around the body. Taking away waste products from the cells: homeostasis. Hydration of cells (blood is mostly water: protection against fluid loss (clotting) and disease (white blood cells)

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Related Questions

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of bloodflow?

a. heart --> atery --> arteriole --> capillary -->vein --> venule --> heart

b. heart --> vein --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> artery --> heart

c. heart --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary -->venule --> vein --> heart

d. heart --> artery --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> vein --> heart

e. heart--> artery --> capillary --> arteriole -->venule --> vein --> heart

2. What are the functions of the elastic fibers that are foundin the walls of ateries? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. they allow the artery to stretch and then recoil back to itsoriginal shape as blood is forcegully pumped from the heart intothe arteries

b. they allow arteries to lengthen as the volume of blood in thearteries increase

c. they help maintain a steady blood pressure during thedifferent phases of heart contraction

d. they smooth out the walls of the arteries to preventturbulent blood flow

3. Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?(there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. help fight infections and cancer

b. allows excess interstitial fluid (fluid found between thecells in your tissues) to get dumped back into your blood

c. brings large molecules from fat digestion into thebloodstream so that they can be processed and stored

d. all of the above are functions of the lymphatic system

4. Which of the following blood vessels bring newly oxygenatedblood from the blood vessels in the lungs back to the heart so thatthe heart can pump it to the rest of the body?

Select one:

a. aorta

b. inferior vena cava

c. pulmonary vein

d. pulmonary artery

5. Which of the following mechanisms help blood fight gravity sothat, for instance, it can return from blood vessels in your feetback into your heart? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. breathing allows the pressure in your chest to decrease andallow blood to flow up towards your heart

b. as you walk, the skeletal muscles in your legs contract andsqueeze the veins; since veins have valves, blood flows up anddoesn't backflow back down

c. the force of blood flowing out of the heart and into thearteries pushes all of the blood along, causing blood to return tothe heart

d. precapillary sphincters open to allow blood to flow backtowards the heart

6. The tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves prevent backflow ofblood from the atria into the ventricles.

Select one:

True

False

7. The following sequence represents the correct order of bloodflow through the heart:

inferior and superior vena cava --> right atrium --> rightventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonaryvein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Select one:

True

False

8. Capillaries are as wide as one red blood cell.

Select one:

True

False

9. The purpose of the coronary arteries is to bring oxygenatedblood to the walls of the heart so that the muscles in the heartwalls can contract.

Select one:

True

False

10. Vasodilation refers to the narrowing of blood vessels.

Select one:

True

False

1. What is the importance of the valves of the heart?

  1. regulation of heart rate
  2. coordination of the contraction of ventricles
  3. allow blood to enter the heart from the arteries
  4. prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

2. Why is blood pressure lower during diastole than duringsystole?

  1. More blood flows into the heart during systole than duringdiastole
  2. The contraction of the heart during systole increases the bloodpressure against arterial walls.
  3. The contraction of the heart during diastole decreases theblood pressure against arterial walls.
  4. The contraction of the heart during systole increases the bloodpressure against the valves separating the atria from theventricles.
  5. The relaxation of the heart during diastole decreases the bloodpressure against arterial walls.

3. Atherosclerosis can be caused by_____________?

  1. the blood vessels becoming to elastic
  2. the release of stress hormones such as epinephrine
  3. chronic hypertension
  4. a lack of calcium in the diet

4. If you become dehydrated, and your blood pressure drops. Howwill the kidneys respond?

  1. by producing a large amount of urine
  2. by returning more water to the blood stream and producing lessurine
  3. by shutting down.
  4. by moving fluid from the urinary bladder back into the bloodstream.

5. What is the site of gas exchange within the lungs?

  1. alveloi
  2. bronchioles
  3. larynx
  4. trachea

6. What would help destroy pathogens on food you eat?

  1. digestive enzymes
  2. inflammation
  3. the oil secreted onto your skin
  4. stomach acid

7. What led to the 2008 San Diego and 2015 measles outbreaks atDisneyland?

  1. poor hand washing by food workers
  2. California's measles vaccination rates had fallen bellow levelsrequired for heard immunity.
  3. the MMR vaccine is no longer effective.
  4. over-use of antibiotics.

Please answer the below questions ( I need answers for all the below questions). Thank you

True or False

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_______ The heart consists mainly of muscle.

_______ Blood pressure is highest in veins.

_______ Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside arteries.

_______ Platelets are blood cells that fight infections.

_______ Peripheral gas exchange takes place in the lungs.

_______ Food travels from the mouth to the stomach because of gravity.

_______ Most absorption of nutrients takes place in the stomach.

_______ For good health, you should never eat lipids.

_______ The kidneys are the main organs of the excretory system.

_______ Nephrons carry urine out of the body.

Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.

____________ is blood pressure that is higher than normal.

The liquid part of blood is referred to as ____________.

Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of ____________ on blood cells.

Tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place are called ____________.

The disease in which air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow is ____________.

A wave of involuntary muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive system is called ____________.

The physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces is referred to as ___________ digestion.

The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections named ____________.

Solid waste that leaves the large intestine is known as ____________.

____________ are organic compounds needed in small amounts for the body to function properly.