MICROM 442 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Tetanospasmin, Anti-Tetanus Immunoglobulin, Spasticity
Document Summary
1ug toxin may be lethal for humans: diagnosis: clinical: diagnosis usually based on clinical findings alone. Initial symptoms are cramping and twitching of muscles around the wound, the head and neck. Early diagnosis is critical for successful treatment: laboratory: isolation of organism from wound (about 30% of cases); tetanus spores are presumptively diagnostic. Definitive diagnosis requires demonstration of toxin and neutralization with antitoxin: specific antitoxin is fully protective when give before toxin is bound to nerve tissues. Toxoid immunization routine early in childhood, boosters administered when immunity lapses: treatment: maintenance of airways; benzodiazepines (gaba agonists), tetanus immunoglobulin, antibiotics to clear infectious focus, gaba is the neurotransmitter blocked by tetanus toxin. Clostridium difficile: antibiotic-associated colitis: follows antibiotic therapy; normal microbiota altered, spores germinate, overgrow, produce toxins and cause colitis; normal microbiota serve a protective role, organism- normal microbiota, slender, gram positive rod with large, oval subterminal spores. Cytotoxin: large exotoxins, have three functional domains: receptor binding, membrane translocation, glucosyltransferase activity.
