APK 2105C Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Electron Shell
23 May 2018
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The Cell: Structure & Function All Lectures
Lecture 1
Chapter 2, Part 1
The Cell: Structure & Function
• Biomolecules
o Formed by living organisms
o Contain carbon
▪ Great for making complex structures
▪ Only has 4 electrons in its valence shell
• Valence shell could have 8 electrons
• Allows to make connects with other atoms in 4 different ways
o Types of biomolecules
▪ Nucleic acids
▪ Proteins
▪ Carbohydrates
• Polar molecules = H2O soluble
• Glucose = blood sugar
• Monosaccharides = polymer subunits
o Glucose
o Fructose
o Galactose
• Disaccharides
o Sucrose
▪ Glucose
▪ Fructose
o Lactose
▪ Galactose
▪ Glucose
o Covalently bonded together
• Polysaccharides
o Glycogen = stores glucose molecules within muscle and
liver cells
▪ Made up of only glucose molecules
▪ Lipids = fat molecules
• Non-polar molecules = do NOT dissolve in H2O
o Have to be dissolved in lipid based substance to get them
to break apart
• Some have polar functional group which gives them a polar end
AND non-polar end = amphipathic
• Makes up majority of plasma membranes
• Types of lipids
o Triglycerides = glycerol backbones + 3 FAs
▪ Usually what is considered dietary fats
▪ Nonpolar structure
▪ Not amphipathic
o Phospholipids
▪ Contain a phosphate group
▪ Make up plasma membrane
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▪ Polar head (hydrophilic), glycerol backbone, 2
nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails
▪ ICF and ECF are both water based—why it’s
important to have membrane that dissolves in water
• Keeps it from forming globules (the way that
fat does)
▪ Forms micelles that transport lipid soluble things in
the blood
o Eicosanoids
o Steroids
▪ 3 6-carbon rings with a 5-carbon ring attached
▪ Not H2O soluble
▪ Cholesterol is most prevalent type of steroid
• Hormones come from cholesterol
• Has an –OH group on it—makes it polar
o Slightly amphipathic
▪ Testosterone
o Common functional groups
▪ Hydroxyl –OH
• Chemical property = polar
▪ Phosphate –HPO4
• Chemical property = polar
▪ Carboxyl –COOH
• Chemical property = acid
▪ Amino –NH2
• Chemical property = base
Lecture 2
Chapter 2, Part 2
The Cell: Structure & Function
• Proteins = polymers of amino acids
o Amino acids
▪ Functions depend on R group (different for every AA)
• Have amino group on one side of the R group
• Have carboxyl group on other side of the R group
▪ Other functions besides making proteins
• Enzymes
• Plasma membranes
• Signaling mechanisms
o Function depends on AA and conformation
▪ Primary structure = original shape of
protein, order of AA to make the
polymer
▪ Secondary structure
• Alpha-helix
• B-pleated sheet
▪ Tertiary structure
▪ Quaternary structure = multiple tertiary
structure, require more than 1 original
structure proteins
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o Types of proteins
▪ Fibrous proteins = long and thin shaped
• Collagen
▪ Globular proteins = glob-like shape, irregular
• Insulin
▪ Mixed proteins = fibrous tail, globular head
• Myosin in skeletal muscles
• Nucleotides
o 3 intracellular functions
▪ Transfer of energy (ATP)
• Nucleotides used for energy transfer
o ATP = adenosine triphosphate
o ADP = adenosine diphosphate
o NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
o FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide
• Phosphate groups are connected to ribose with high energy bonds
o Losing phosphate groups releases energy
▪ Intracellular signaling (second messengers within cells)
• cAMP (cyclic AMP)
• May form ring structures
▪ Formation of genetic material (DNA/RNA)
• RNA has single helical structure
o Messenger RNA (mRNA)
▪ Long chain polymer
o Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
▪ Wadded up nucleic acid
o Transfer RNA (tRNA)
▪ Fold over on itself
▪ One end has AA, other end has base pairs
to match up with mRNA
• DNA has double helix structure
o Series of nucleotides that pair up with another strand to
have complimentary pairing
o Parts of nucleotides
▪ Phosphate group (add more for different functions within cell)
• Nucleotide monophosphate
o AMP
o GMP
• Nucleotide diphosphate
o ADP
o GDP
• Nucleotide triphosphate
o ATP
o GTP
▪ Base (A, C, T, G, U) attached to carbohydrate
• Carbohydrate is deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA) sugars
o Nucleotide monophosphate
▪ AMP
▪ GMP
o Nucleotide diphosphate
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find more resources at oneclass.com
