HSC 4133 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Retrograde Ejaculation, Erogenous Zone, Breast Self-Examination
28 May 2018
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Miranda Goss
HSC4133
HSC4133 Exam 1 Study Guide
Module 1(introduction and perspectives)
1. Define human sexuality and describe its various dimensions
a. Human sexuality → encompasses the sexual knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values, and
behaviors of individuals
b. Various dimensions involve the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry (biological) of
the sexual response system; identity, orientation, roles, and personality; thoughts,
feelings, relationships
c. Sexuality is influenced by ethical, spiritual, cultural, and moral concerns
d. All persons are sexual in the broadest sense of the word
e. Dimensions:
i. Socio-cultural → sum of the cultural and social influence that affect our thoughts
and actions both historical and contemporary
1. Example – in North America, it is acceptable for both men and women to
wear pants, but only acceptable for women to wear skirts and dresses
a. Result of socialization (process by which individuals learn about
things within their culture that are accepted)
2. Current influences
a. Social institutions – family, universities, schools, houses of
worship
b. Laws
i. Same-sex marriage not legal until 2004 (Massachusetts
was first state to legalize)
ii. Psychological → attitudes and feelings towards oneself and other people
1. Overlap with socio-cultural and ethical dimensions
2. Mental + emotional
iii. Ethical → includes questions of right and wrong, should you or should you not
1. Focuses on values and attitudes of an individual
2. Values and beliefs have been shaped by society, religious beliefs, family
values
iv. Biological → involves physical appearance, responses to sexual stimulation,
physiological cycles and changes, growth and development, etc.
1. Physical appearance → sexual development and differences in males and
females from anatomical/physiological view
2. Physiological cycles → menstruation and ovulation in females
2. Identify factors that contribute to diversity and similarity of sexual attitudes and behaviors
3. Explain the cultural relativity of sexuality and distinguish changes between 2 distinct societies
4. Give examples of religious traditions and historical events that have contributed to current
Western concepts of sexuality
5. Analyze ways the mass media has reflected and influenced sexual norms illustrate the impact of
various laws and policies on sexuality
a. Advertising
i. Sexual images are both blatantly and subtly used to sell a product
b. Magazines
i. Contain a range of variety and sexually-related articles
c. Television
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Miranda Goss
HSC4133
i. The average American over the age of 2 spends more than 34 hours per week
watching live television and an additional 6 hours watching taped programs
ii. More than 75% of Prime-Time programs contain sexual content
1. 14% of sexual incidents mention any risk of responsibilities of sexual
activity
iii. News, advice, educational programs
iv. Increased access to sexual material
v. Cable and music videos
vi. Video games
vii. Determining of social norms
d. Cyberspace
i. In 2010, 71% of US households were wired for the Web
1. 9% of population had ready access somewhere else (ex. Library)
ii. 2 billion internet users worldwide
iii. 80% of people obtain health information from internet
iv. Source of sexual expression
v. MySpace, Facebook, Twitter
vi. Availability on handheld devices
e. Sexuality (when personal becomes political)
i. Scientific, psychological, and social changes in the 20th and 21st centuries →
individuals’ increased ability to make personal decisions regarding their sexuality
ii. Laws, social policies, and cultural norms continue to influence sexuality
1. Including lack of adequate health insurance coverage for contraceptive
use, limits on access to abortion by state and federal laws, legalization of
same-sex marriages
Module 2 (sexuality research)
1. Identify the goals of sexology
a. Sexology → the study of sexuality
b. Goals:
i. Understand sexual behavior
ii. Predict sexual behavior
iii. Control/influence sexual behavior
1. Ethical considerations when controlling behavior
2. Causes controversy
2. Differentiate between scientific and non-scientific research
3. Describe common methods used in sexuality research
a. Case study (non-experimental) → examines a single subject, or small group of subjects,
each of whom is studied individually and in-depth
i. Subjects demonstrate some type of atypical behavior (pedophile, sex addict)
ii. Data gathered using:
1. Direct observation → subjects are directly observed
2. Questionnaires
3. Testing
4. Interviews
iii. Examples
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Miranda Goss
HSC4133
1. “clinical characteristics and treatment response to SSRI in a female
pedophile”
2. “pedophiles: a case study” (found in Journal of Police and Criminal
Psychology)
b. Survey (non-experimental) → data pertaining to sexual attitudes and behaviors derived
from relatively large groups of people by means of questionnaires or interviews
i. Data-gathering used
1. Face-to-face interviews
2. Questionnaires
a. Can be computerized or distributed online
ii. Choosing the sample
1. Representative sample → provides an accurate representation of a larger
target population of interest
2. Random sample
a. Randomly chosen subset of population
b. May or may not be the same representative sample
c. Ex. → select every 10th student from registrar list (ensures every
student has opportunity to be chosen / not representative of all
students because may lack certain genders, races, minorities,
etc.)
iii. Examples
1. Kinsey reports (1948 – sexual behavior of males / 1953 – sexual
behavior of females)
2. National health and social life survey (evolved out of government’s need
to identify behaviors of Americans that were increasing risk of
contracting HIV)
3. Youth risk behavior survey (conducted annually by CDC / looks at
behaviors of HS students)
4. National survey of sexual health and behavior
c. Direct observation (non-experimental) → researchers observe and record responses of
participating subjects
i. Small to moderate samples
1. Reliability increases with representative sample and accuracy of
recording devices
ii. Examples
1. Masters and Johnston’s 1966 study of psychological response
a. 382 college women, 312 college men, more than 10,000
completed sexual response cycles
b. Used a number of techniques to record physiological and sexual
responses
c. Resulted in 4-phase sexual response model
d. Experimental method (experimental) → researcher manipulates a set of conditions, or
variables, and observes the effect of this manipulation on subjects’ behavior
i. Includes
1. Experimental group → receives some type of intervention/treatment
2. Control group → does not receive any intervention/treatment
ii. Procedures
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