SPA 3011 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Vocal Folds, Larynx, Vocal Tract
12 Oct 2018
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SPA 3011
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Energy and work
Module 2.2
• Energy Intro
o Usually, defined as work
o Speech = transfer of energy
▪ Lungs – vocal folds – articulators moving – transmitted to receiver
o Force that is exerted over distance
• Work:
o Work = force exerted over distance
▪ W = F x D
o To have work,
▪ Movement must occur
• Distance must be travelled
o Measure: Newton-meter
▪ Joules
o Joules = 1 newton x 1 meter
o What work occurs during speech?
▪ The movement of vocal folds: is estimated to = about half of meter of
travel per every second of continuous sound production
• Energy:
o Is the ability to do work
o Power:
▪ Rate at which work is done or at
• Which energy is expended
▪ Power = force x velocity
o Watt = 1 joule of energy in 1 second
▪ 60 watts > 40 watts
• A 60 watt light bulb will be brighter than a 40 watt light bulb
• Types of energy:
o Kinetic energy
▪ Energy of motion
o Potential energy
▪ Stored energy
▪ Waiting to be released
o Think when you blow up a balloon
▪ The air waiting to be released, is its potential energy
▪ When you finally release it, the energy turns into kinetic energy
o Springs:
▪ When you told them tightly its potential
▪ When you let go, it springs into kinetic
o Properties of matter
▪ 3 states:
• Solid, liquid, gas
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Solid:
• Stiff, rigid characteristics,
• Maintain its shape
▪ Liquid
• Assumes shape of container
• Molecules slide freely
• Has surface tension
▪ Gas
• Expands to fill the container
• Molecules collide with one another
o Harder to visualize
▪ Liquid and gases are fluid
• They change shape freely
• Will be important for voice and speech production
• Density
o Density:
▪ Mass / volume
o It describes how closely molecules are packed
▪ More mass per volume = higher density
o At the eah, you’ll pak the sand as dense as possile so hen you turn the
container over to build a castle, the structure will be strong
• Stiffness and elasticity
o Stiffness
▪ Degree to which an object resists being deformed
o Elasticity
▪ Ability to spring back to restating shape
▪ Super important have elastic lungs
▪ as we age,
• we lose elasticity in skin and lungs
▪ Found in the lungs and can make a huge difference with compliance with
speaking
o Why is this important for class?
▪ The muscle needs to have elasticity to move
▪ Teeth need to be stiff to help with articulation
o Hooke’s La
▪ The harder you pull on something, the more it stretches
▪ Think about a rubber band
• Stretches easily but will eventually reach a limit
• Pressure
o Pressure = force / area
o Usually an outward and an inward pressure
o Balloon with small amount of air
▪ Atmosphere exert pressure on the outside of the balloon
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Joules: joules = 1 newton x 1 meter, what work occurs during speech, the movement of vocal folds: is estimated to = about half of meter of travel per every second of continuous sound production, energy: It is circular: a spiral seen sideways, called sinusoidal or sine wave, occurs regularly and in a repeating pattern. Week 2: how sound waves are created, the way they travel through our ear, speech is movement made audible, at its most basic level: we have a lot of movement. If you have a ramp with a ball: you put the ball at the top of the ramp, the ball will accelerate downward. In summary: we we(cid:374)t through (cid:374)ewto(cid:374)"s three laws of (cid:373)otio(cid:374, speech is controlled movement of breathe and articulators to receiver, we have force to move our articulators. Intensity increase as square of the amplitude of sound pressure.
