313392 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Cognitive Map, Prosocial Behavior, Observational Learning
Topic of Learning in Psychology
1. Learning is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
(through experience).
2. Associative learning is learning that certain events occur together. This type of learning
occurs through two types of conditioning:
• In classical conditioning, the associated events are two stimuli.
o A stimulus (plural=stimuli) is any event or situation that evokes a
response.
o Respondent behavior is behavior that occurs as an automatic response
to some stimulus.
• In operant conditioning, the associated events are a response and its
consequences.
o Operant behavior is behavior that operates on the environment,
producing consequences.
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3. Cognitive learning is the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events,
by watching others, or through language.
• Observational learning, one form of cognitive learnig, lets us lear fro others’
experiences.
o Chimpanzees, for example, sometimes learn behaviors merely by
watching others perform them. If one animal sees another solve a puzzle
and gain a food reward, the observer may perform the trick more
quickly.
4. Behaviorism is the view that psychology:
(1) should be an objective science that
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
o Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
o Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) conducted some of psycholog’s ost faous
research. The phenomenon he explored we justly call classical
oditioig. Palo’s ork laid the foudatio for a of pshologist
Joh B. Watso’s ideas.
o In searching for laws underlying learning, Watson (1913) urged his
colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives
and make psychology an objective science (behaviorism).
5. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli
and anticipate events.
• I Palo’s faous dog experiment, he presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just
before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then
became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
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o Neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that elicits no response before
conditioning.
o Unconditioned response (UR) is an unlearned, naturally occurring
response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US).
o Unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an
unconditioned response (UR).
o Conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to a previously neutral
(but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
o Conditioned stimulus (CS) is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a
conditioned response (CR).
6. Acquisition is the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned
stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
• Onion breath does not usually produce sexual arousal. But when repeatedly
paired with a passionate kiss, it can become a CS and do just that. Learning makes
for yearning.
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