BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1-4: Antimicrobial Resistance, Escherichia Coli, Nucleoid
20 Jun 2018
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Module'('THEME'1'MODULE'4'
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UNIT'1:'Nucleic'Acids!
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Macromolecules!
•!Lipids!!
•!Carbohydrates!
•!Proteins!
•!Nucleic!acids!
o!Deoxyribonucleic!acid!
o!Ribonucleic!acid!
o!Rna!
o!Dna!
•!Found!throughout!cell!!
•!Specific!function!
!!
DNA!
•!Prokaryotic!cells!!
o!Eg.!bacteria!
o!DNA!contained!in!nucleoid!
o!Plasmids:!small!circular!DNA!!
•!Carry!one/!two!genes!
!!Antibiotic!resistance!genes!
!!Can!replicate!independently!of!core!genome!
!!Can!be!transferred!from!one!cell!to!another!
•!Allows!rapid!spread!of!genes!
!!
•!Chromosome:!describes!the!organization!of!a!double!stranded!DNA!molecule!in!its!
association!with!proteins!and!!RNAs!
•!Eukaryotic!cells!
o!Usually!have!large!linear!chromosomes!
•!Prokaryotic!!
o!Usually!have!small!circular!chromosomes!
o!Supercoiled:!!
•!Preserves!double!helix!structure!
•!Compacts!DNA!into!very!small!space!
•!Allows!very!long!bacterial!chromosome!to!fold!up!within!nucleoid!!
!!!
o!E!Coli:!common!bacterium!!
•!Circular!chromosome!which!carries!the!genes!necessary!for!normal!function!of!
cell!
•!Small!circular!plasmids!carry!limited!number!of!genes!that!are!required!for!
survival!in!distinct!environments!
!!Presence!of!particular!antibiotic!
•!Organelles!contain!their!own!small!chromosomes!
!!
UNIT'2:'DNA'as'Hereditary'Material!
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Streptococcal!Bacteria!!
•!Strings!of!spheroidal!or!coccoidal!bacteria!
•!Normal!inhabitants!of!the!human!upper!respiratory!tract!
•!Benign!strains:!harmless!
•!Virulent!strains:!mild!symptoms!
o!Sore!throat!
•!strep!throat!
o!Severe!symptoms!!
•!Pneumonia!!
!!
Griffith's!Experiment!!
•!Streptococcus!Pneumoniae!
o!2!strains!
•!R!strain:!harmless/benign!member!of!microbiome!!
!!No!effect!when!injected!
•!S!strain:!virulent!form!of!same!bacteria!!
!!Causes!death!when!injected!
o!Heated!virulent!bacteria!to!kill!them!
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BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Lipids: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids o deoxyribonucleic acid o ribonucleic acid o rna o dna, found throughout cell, specific function. Dna: prokaryotic cells o eg. bacteria o dna contained in nucleoid o plasmids: small circular dna, carry one/ two genes. Can be transferred from one cell to another: allows rapid spread of genes, chromosome: describes the organization of a double stranded dna molecule in its association with proteins and rnas, eukaryotic cells o usually have large linear chromosomes, prokaryotic o usually have small circular chromosomes o supercoiled, preserves double helix structure, compacts dna into very small space, allows very long bacterial chromosome to fold up within nucleoid o e coli: common bacterium, circular chromosome which carries the genes necessary for normal function of cell, small circular plasmids carry limited number of genes that are required for survival in distinct environments.
