FRHD 1010 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9-10: Peer Pressure, Major Depressive Disorder, Prefrontal Cortex
21 Dec 2016
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Monday, October 31, 2016
Human Development Reading Chapter 9,10
Adolescence: Body and Mind
Puberty
Puberty: The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical
development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to
achieve psychosocial maturity
Menarche: A girls first menstrual period, singling that she has begun ovulation.
Pregnancy is biologically possible but ovulation and menstruation is often irregular for
years after menarche
Spermarche: A boys first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy,
but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a “wet
dream” or via direct stimulation
Hormone: An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and
conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function
Pituitary: A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by
producing many hormones, including those the regulate growth and that control other
glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands
Adrenal glands: Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce the hormones
(including the stress hormone,epinephrine [adrenalin] and norepinephrine)
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis: A sequence of hormones production that
originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary and then ends in the adrenal
glands
HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis: A sequence of hormone production that
originates in the hypothalamus then moves to the pituitary and ends in the gonads
Estradiol: A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more
estradiol than males do
Testosterone: A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormone);
recreated in far greater amounts by males than females
Primary sex characteristics: The parts of the body that are directly involved in
reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicle and penis
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Monday, October 31, 2016
Secondary sex characteristics: Physical traits that are not directly involved in
reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a women
breast
Leptin: A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty.
Leptin levels increases during childhood and peak at around age 12
Growth Spurt: The relatively and rapid growth that occurs during puberty. Each body
part increases i size on a schedule: weight usually precedes height and growth of the
limbs precedes growth of the torso
Circadian Rhythm: a day—night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately
every 24 hours
KEY POINTS:
-Hormones beginning sequence of biological changes known as puberty, affecting
every body function, including appetite, sleeping reproductive potential
-Although many similarities are evident in how boys and girls experience puberty,
timing differs, with girls beginning between 6 months and 2 years ahead of boys,
depending on the specific pubertal characteristics
-The onset of puberty depends on genes, gender, body fat and stress, with the normal
hormonal changes beginning at anytime from 8-14 years
-Puberty Changes every part of the body and even aspects of sexuality; weight gain
precedes increases in height, muscle and sexuality
Nutrition
Body image: A persons idea go how his or her body looks
anorexia nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by sever calorie restriction and the
fear of being fat. Affected individuals undercut or overeat then over exercise or purge,
depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal
Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent
purging usually by induced vomiting and or use of laxatives
KEY POINTS"
- Adolescents diets are often deficient especially in calcium and iron
-Body-image worries are common, leading many adolescents girls to skip eating for a
day and many boys to take steroids
!2
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Document Summary
Puberty: the time between the rst onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity. Menarche: a girls rst menstrual period, singling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible but ovulation and menstruation is often irregular for years after menarche. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a wet dream or via direct stimulation. Hormone: an organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function. Pituitary: a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those the regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands. Adrenal glands: two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce the hormones (including the stress hormone,epinephrine [adrenalin] and norepinephrine)
