BIO374H5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Okazaki Fragments, Dna Replication, Dna Ligase

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14 Dec 2016

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Pm is fluid, has carbs, proteins and lipids. It has roles of cell adhesion and cell to cell communication, transporting materials in and out of the cell. Chargaff %a=%t, and g=c. each nucleotide has a 5 carbon pentose sugar and a base. Watson and crick discovered that dna was helical in nature. A strand of dna is held together by phosphodiester bonds. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that proves cells with instructions to make rna to make protein. Not all genes are used to make a protein. Loose dna is paired which histones to create chromatin. Sex cells are haploid, somatic cells are diploid. Each chromosome contains 2 sister chromatids that are joined at a centromere. The centromere splits the chromosome into 2 arms, the short p arm and longer q arm. Use g banding to do this (the dye is giemsa), this creates unique banding pattern on each chromosome which can be used to id them.

Related Questions

What step in DNA replication precedes the pairing of complementary bases?

	A.	polymerization of DNA.
	B.	formation of the histone core.
	C.	mitotic division.
	D.	separation of the two strands.
	E.	joining of the two strands.

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the

	A.	ribosome.
	B.	mitochondria.
	C.	cell membrane.
	D.	cytoplasm.
	E.	nucleus.

Normal human body cells contain how many chromosomes?

	A.	46
	B.	22
	C.	23
	D.	44
	E.	42

Hershey and Chase performed an experiment in which they used radioactive isotopes to phosphorus and sulfur to label different components of bacterial viruses. Their results clearly showed that

	A.	the viruses did not contain protein.
	B.	genetic material normally contains radioactive isotopes.
	C.	the viruses did not contain DNA.
	D.	protein was entering into the infected bacteria.
	E.	DNA was entering into the infected bacteria.

A package of histones with DNA wrapped around them forms spherical structures called

	A.	nucleosomes.
	B.	lysosomes.
	C.	ribosomes.
	D.	nucleoli.
	E.	chromatin.

DNA replication

	A.	does not require proteins.
	B.	is constantly happening in a cell.
	C.	occurs in G1 of interphase.
	D.	takes place in the nucleus of the cell.
	E.	occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

The two subunits of the ribosome join during

	A.	promotion of transcription.
	B.	initiation of translation.
	C.	termination of transcription.
	D.	termination of translation.
	E.	elongation.

DNA replication of a single DNA molecule is referred to as semiconservative because

	A.	each of the two DNA molecules will consist of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
	B.	all the DNA strands in the two DNA molecules will have both parental and newly synthesized DNA.
	C.	it results in two nonidentical DNA molecules.
	D.	of the two DNA molecules, one is made up totally of parental DNA, while the other is entirely newly synthesized DNA.
	E.	one DNA strand is replicated continuously, while the other must be replicated discontinuously.

The bases are bonded to what part of the backbone of the DNA molecule?

	A.	the 4â carbon atom of the sugar molecule.
	B.	the 3â carbon atom of the sugar molecule.
	C.	the 5â carbon atom of the sugar molecule.
	D.	the 1â carbon atom of the sugar molecule.
	E.	the 2â carbon atom of the sugar molecule.

1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in natureâcells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

crimsonplatypus494

Multiply questions here

Q2. What is the consequence of chromosome inversion on meiosis? (work on a zygote with one normal chromosome and one chromosome with an inversion)

Q3. Search the web or read the textbook. Find a disease that is caused by translocation. What kind of translocation causes the disease?

Q4. Briefly explain how downâs syndrome or other trisomy is generated (3 sentences should be enough for you to explain this clearly)

Q5. I mutated a culture of wild type E. coli cells and wanted to isolate mutants that are unable to synthesize uracil (a nitrogen base in RNA). How can I achieve my goal? (try to finish your answer in 2-3 sentences)

Q6. For the ura- mutant isolated in Q5, I want to convert it to URA+ by transformation. Please tell me how I can achive this transformation with 3 SIMPLE sentences

Q7. What is the difference and relationship between an Hfr cell and an F+ cell?

Q8. I want to set up a mating between an Hfr strain and an F- (ade- his- bio-) strain and detect bio+ recombinant. Please design the experiment for me. (What genotype for Hfr do you need to choose? How will you select your recombinant? etc).

Q9. I want to use phage T2 to transducer the wild type ADE2 gene from the wild type E. coli strain to an ade2- E. coli mutant. How can I do this experimentally? (please briefly describe the approach, not experimental details such as incubation for 10 min, etc).

Q10. We talked about recombination in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Are there any differences in these two recombination ? (what are they if there are?)

Q11. Whose (or what) experiment proves that DNA is the genetic material?

Q12. What knowledge did Watson and Crick use in constructing the DNA model?

Q13. How does the double helix model support the three major functions of genetic materials?

Q14. What is the major chemical force that holds DNA and histone together? Hydrogen bonds

Q15. If I label E. coli cells in an N15 medium overnight and chase cells in an N14 medium for 2 generations, what fraction of cells still carry the N15 label?

Q16. If a 1000 kilobase fragment of DNA has five evenly spaced replication origins and DNA polymerase moves at 1 kilobase per second, how many seconds will a cell take to produce two daughter molecules?

Q17. DNA polymerases catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides. Use the formula for enzyme catalyzed reaction (see the example) to describe DNA polymerases. Example: Enzyme Substrate A + substrate B -------------------ï product c + product D Q8. During DNA replication, what is the direction of the growing strand?

Q18. For DNA synthesis in cells, why are there a leading strand and a lagging strand?

Q19. The following is the DNA sequence of a template strand. If the primase begins to synthesize primers from the middle âgâ, what will the primer sequence be? (assuming the primer can be 8 nucleotides long) 5â GACTCTAgGACTCCT 3â

Q20. Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III synthesize DNA during DNA replication. Please state the different roles they played during DNA replication.

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BIO374H5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Okazaki Fragments, Dna Replication, Dna Ligase

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