Economics 1022A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 30: Foreign Exchange Market, Monetarism, Money Multiplier

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ECON 1022A/B Full Course Notes

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Monetary policy is what banks and central government do to control in ation. Bank of canada and government agreed to keep in ation around 1% - 3% per year in ation rate targeting. A monetarist strategy where the bank sets a target in ation rate and explains how they will maintain that target. Since the last recession, bank has been sensitive with effects to employment when trying to achieve the target in ation rate conduct of monetary policy. Bank can control quantity of money, foreign exchange rates and short term interest rates. Banks can change the interest rate immediately (government takes longer- up to two years for a change in gdp when interest rate changes) Bank of canada changes the overnight rate. To change the interest rate, they target the overnight loans rate (interest rate in overnight loans that big banks make to each other) They control the overnight rate by adjusting reserves of the banks.

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5. Fiscal policy is enacted through changes in

A. interest rates and the price level.

B. the supply of money and foreign exchange.

C. unemployment and inflation

D. taxation and government spending.

6. In an economy, the government wants to decrease aggregate demand by $48 billion at each price level to decrease real GDP and control demand-pull inflation. If the MPS is 0.25, then it could

A. increase taxes by $16 billion.

B. increase taxes by $24 billion.

C. decrease government spending by $10 billion.

D. decrease government spending by $16 billion.

7. If there is a constitutional requirement to maintain a balanced budget, then during a recession when tax revenues are shrinking, the government will have to implement

A. contractionary fiscal policy.

B. no change in fiscal policy.

C. expansionary fiscal policy.

D. countercyclical fiscal policy.

8. Most economists believe that fiscal policy is:

A. better than the monetary policy for "fine-tuning" the economy.

B. better than the monetary policy for month-to-month stabilization.

C. not as good as the monetary policy for month-to-month stabilization.

D. not very good at pushing the economy in a particular direction.

9. An increase in the legal reserve ratio

A. increases the money supply by increasing excess reserves

B. decreases the money supply by decreasing excess reserves

C. increases the money supply by decreasing excess reserves

D. decreases the money supply by increasing excess reserves

10. The discount rate is the rate of interest at which

A. Federal Reserve Banks lend to commercial banks

B. savings and loan associations lend to some builders

C. Federal Reserve Banks lend to large corporations.

D. commercial banks lend to large corporations

11. Which of the following actions by the Fed most likely increase commercial bank lending?

A. raising the reserve ratio

B. increasing the federal funds rate target

C. reducing the interest paid on excess reserves held at the Fed

D. selling bonds to commercial banks and the public

12. Assume the economy is operating at less than full employment. An expansionary monetary policy will cause interest rates to ______, which will ______ investment spending.

A. decrease; decrease

B. decrease; increase

C. increase; increase

D. increase; decrease

sapphirecrow883

As we observed in this chapter, central banks, rather than purposefully setting the level of the money supply, usually set a target level for a short-term interest rate by standing ready to lend or borrow whatever money people wish to hold at that interest rate. (When people need more money for a reason other than a change in the interest rate, the money supply therefore expands, and it contracts when they wish to hold less.)

A. Describe the problems that might arise if a central bank sets monetary policy by holding the market interest rate constant. (First, consider the flexible-price case, and ask yourself if you can find a unique equilibrium price level when the central bank simply gives people all the money they wish to hold at the pegged interest rate. Then consider the sticky-price case.)

B. Does the situation change if the central bank raises the interest rate when prices are high, according to a formula such as R - R₀= a(P - P₀), where a is a positive constant and P₀a target price level?

C.Suppose the central bankâs policy rule is R - R₀= a(P - P₀) + u, where u is a random movement in the policy interest rate. In the overshooting model shown in Figure 15-12, describe how the economy would adjust to a permanent one-time unexpected fall in the random factor u, and say why. You can interpret the fall in u as an interest rate cut by the central bank, and therefore as an expansionary monetary action.

13. As we observed in this chapter, central banks, rather than purposefully setting the level of the money supply, usually set a target level for a short-term interest rate by standing ready to lend or borrow whatever money people wish to hold at that interest rate. (When people need more money for a reason other than a change in $4,010 $570.3 $641.0 CHAPTER 15 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 383 the interest rate, the money supply therefore expands, and it contracts when they wish to hold less.) a. Describe the problems that might arise if a central bank sets monetary policy by holding the market interest rate constant. (First, consider the flexible-price case, and ask yourself if you can find a unique equilibrium price level when the central bank simply gives people all the money they wish to hold at the pegged interest rate. Then consider the sticky-price case.) b. Does the situation change if the central bank raises the interest rate when prices are high, according to a formula such as where a is a positive constant and a target price level? c. Suppose the central bankâs policy rule is where u is a random movement in the policy interest rate. In the overshooting model shown in Figure 15-12, describe how the economy would adjust to a permanent one-time unexpected fall in the random factor u, and say why. You can interpret the fall in u as an interest rate cut by the central bank, and therefore as an expansionary monetary action. Compare your story with the one depicted in Figure 15-13. Figure 15-12: http://gyazo.com/3d32377d42b5c9584e17b3c5e40aafaa

Figure 15-13: http://gyazo.com/1fa467e253e320f61da17532fa8d2b58

Economics 1022A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 30: Foreign Exchange Market, Monetarism, Money Multiplier

ECON 1022A/B Full Course Notes

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