HUMA 205 Chapter 1: Chapter 1 Note part 1
1. Greek cultural life was no longer dominated by Athens; a single center no longer governed 478
Formation of Delian League; beginning of Athenian empire 461 Pericles comes to prominence at
Athens 454 Treasury of Delian League moved to Athens 443–429 Pericles in full control of Athens 431
Peloponnesian War begins 429 Pericles dies of plague that devastates Athens 421 Peace of Nicias 413
Renewed outbreak of Peloponnesian War 404 Fall of Athens and victory of Sparta 404–403 Rule of
Thirty Tyrants 387 King’s Peace signed 371–362 Ascendancy of Thebes 359–336 Philip II, king of
Macedon 338 Macedonians defeat Greeks at Battle of Chaeronaea 336–323 Alexander the Great, king
of Macedon 331 City of Alexandria founded 323–281 Wars of Alexander’s successors 262 Pergamum
becomes independent kingdom 197–156 Eumenes II, king of Pergamum 146 Romans sack Corinth;
Greece becomes Roman province GENERAL EVENTS c.
2. What connection is there between Greek culture and the magnifi cent civilization of the Bronze
Age? Did much of later Greek religion, thought, and art have its origins in this earlier period, even
though the Greeks seemed to know nothing about it? Or was the culture of the Minoans and
Mycenaeans an isolated phenomenon, destroyed utterly near the end of the Bronze Age, lost until it
was found again in the twentieth century? The Aegean culture is important not only for the possible
light it throws on later times but also because it shows that the ancient world could reach beyond the
monumentality and earnestness of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, that it could attain a way of life
that valued grace, beauty, and comfort—a life that could truly be called civilized.
3. Vatican Museums, Vatican State//© Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
TABLE 3.1 Athens in the Age of Pericles (ruled 443–429 BCE) Area of the city 7 square miles
Population of the city 100,000–125,000 Population of the region (Attica) 200,000–250,000 Political
institution General Assembly, Council of 500, Ten Generals Economy Maritime trade; Crafts (textiles,
pottery); Farming (olives, grapes, wheat) Cultural life History (Thucydides); Drama (Aeschylus,
Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes); Philosophy (Socrates); Architecture (Ictinus, Callicrates,
Mnesicles); Sculpture (Phidias) Principal buildings Parthenon, Propylea (the Erechtheum, the other
major building on the Athenian Acropolis, was not begun in Pericles’ lifetime) 58 .
4. 590 Solon reforms Athenian constitution 546 Rule of Pisistratus begins growth of Athenian
power; Persian Empire expands to take over Greek colonies in Asia Minor 510 Restoration of
democracy at Athens 490 Start of the Persian Wars; forces of King Darius defeated at Marathon 480
Xerxes leads a second expedition against Greece; wins battle of Thermopylae and sacks Athens; Greeks
defeat Persians decisively at Salamis 479 Greek victories at Plataea and Mycale GENERAL EVENTS
1000–900 Protogeometric pottery decoration: bold circular shapes similar to Mycenaean motifs 900–
700 Geometric pottery decoration: linear designs of zigzags, triangles, diamonds, meanders 8th cent.
5. 212 Edict of Caracalla 284–305 Reign of Diocletian; return of civil order 301 Edict of Diocletian,
fixing wages and prices 307–337 Reign of Constantine; sole emperor after 324 330 Founding of
Constantinople 381 Paganism officially suppressed; Christianity made state religion 409–455 Vandals
and Visigoths invade Italy, Spain, Gaul, Africa 476 Romulus Augustulus forced to abdicate as last
Western Roman emperor GENERAL EVENTS CONQUEST OF ITALY & MEDITERRANEAN
ROMAN EMPIRE ROMAN REPUBLIC POLITICAL CRISIS AT ROME STABILITY c.
6. 390 Sack of Rome by Gauls 287 Hortensian Law reinforces plebeian power 264–241 First Punic
War: Roman conquest of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica 218–201 Second Punic War: Roman conquest of
Spain 146 Destruction of Carthage: Africa becomes Roman province; sack of Corinth: Greece becomes
Roman province 90–88 Social War 82–81 Sulla dictator at Rome 60 First Triumvirate: Pompey,
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Caesar, Crassus 58–56 Caesar conquers Gaul 48 Battle of Pharsalus: war of Caesar and Pompey ends in
death of Pompey; Caesar meets Cleopatra in Egypt 46–44 Caesar rules Rome as dictator until
assassinated 43 Second Triumvirate: Antony, Lepidus, Octavian 31 Battle of Actium won by Octavian
30 Death of Antony and Cleopatra 27–14 Octavian under name of Augustus rules as first Roman
emperor BCE c.
7. It is a tribute to the Greeks’ overwhelming influence on our culture that, from the Roman period
to the beginning of the twenty-first century, artists have accepted the Greeks’ decision to make the
realistic treatment of the human form the central focus of art, whether the forms were those of mortal
people or divine gods and goddesses.
8. If Greece was under Roman political control, however, Greek art and culture dominated much of
Roman cultural life and were passed on by the Romans into the Western tradition.
9. CHAPTER 3 Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period GREEK MUSIC IN THE CLASSICAL
PERIOD Both Plato and Aristotle found a place for music in their ideal states; their comments on it
provide some information on the status of Greek music in the Classical period.
10. Today, millions of people live in countries whose legal systems derive from that of ancient Rome;
one eminent British judge has observed of Roman law that “there is not a problem of jurisprudence
which it does not touch: there is scarcely a corner of political science on which its light has not
fallen.” According to the great Roman lawyer Ulpian (died 228 ce), “Law is the art of the good and the
fair.” The Romans developed this art over the centuries during which they built up their empire of
widely diff ering peoples.
11. VISUAL ARTS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE As in the case of literature and philosophy, the
confusion of Greek political life in the years following the defeat of Athens (404 bce) aff ected the
development of the visual arts.
12. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece//© Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY Table 2.1
Principal Greek Deities Zeus Father of Gods and Men Hera Wife of Zeus, Queen of Heaven Poseidon
Brother of Zeus, God of the Sea Hephaestus Son of Zeus and Hera, God of Fire Ares God of War
Apollo God of Prophecy, Intellect, Music, and Medicine Artemis Goddess of Chastity and the Moon
Demeter Earth Mother, Goddess of Fertility Aphrodite Goddess of Beauty, Love, and Marriage Athena
Goddess of Wisdom Hermes Messenger of the Gods, God of Cleverness Dionysus God of Wine and the
Emotions 34 .
13. Caesar’s Ius Civile, produced with the help of eminent legal experts of the day, served as the
model for later Table 4.1 Principal Roman Deities and Their Greek Equivalents ROMAN GREEK
ROMAN GREEK Jupiter Zeus Diana Artemis Juno Hera Ceres Demeter Neptune Poseidon Venus
Aphrodite Vulcan Hephaestus Minerva Athena Mars Ares Mercury Hermes Apollo Apollo Bacchus
Dionysus Republican Rome (509–31 BCE) .
14. CHAPTER 3 Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period building to be constructed (the name of
the temple comes from the Greek parthenos [“virgin”]; that is, the goddess Athena).
15. Simultaneously, the gradual conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms by Rome and their absorption
into the Roman Empire produced a new synthesis in which the achievements of Classical and
Hellenistic Greece fused with the native Italian culture and passed on to later ages.
16. When, in Book IX of the Iliad, Agamemnon’s ambassadors arrive at the tent of Achilles, they fi nd
the great hero playing a lyre, “clear-sounding, splendid and carefully wrought,” and entertaining
himself by singing “of men’s fame.” How one would like to have heard that song! The Greek belief
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Document Summary
Greek cultural life was no longer dominated by athens; a single center no longer governed 478. Formation of delian league; beginning of athenian empire 461 pericles comes to prominence at. Athens 454 treasury of delian league moved to athens 443 429 pericles in full control of athens 431. Peloponnesian war begins 429 pericles dies of plague that devastates athens 421 peace of nicias 413. Renewed outbreak of peloponnesian war 404 fall of athens and victory of sparta 404 403 rule of. Thirty tyrants 387 king"s peace signed 371 362 ascendancy of thebes 359 336 philip ii, king of. What connection is there between greek culture and the magnifi cent civilization of the bronze. Or was the culture of the minoans and. Vatican museums, vatican state// bildarchiv preussischer kulturbesitz/art resource, ny. Table 3. 1 athens in the age of pericles (ruled 443 429 bce) area of the city 7 square miles.
