PSYC 111 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Intelligence Quotient, Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence, Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
18 Jun 2018
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Psyc 111: Introductory Psychology Professor Deak
Chapter 8: Intelligence & Psychological Testing
Chapter Objectives:
• Provide an overview of difficulties associated with assessment of intelligence and
arouse an awareness of biases inherent in intelligence testing.
• Introduce the topic of psychological testing and key elements for its
implementation.
Brief Lecture Outline:
I. Theories of Intelligence
A. Definition
B. Crystallized versus fluid intelligence
C. Emotional intelligence
D. Multiple Intelligence Theory
E. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
II. Measurement of Intelligence
A. Historical Perspective
B. Alfred Binet
C. The modern Standord-Binet Intelligence Scale
D. Williams Stern’s Intelligence Quotient
E. The next generation of tests: Wechsler (1958)
F. General Types of Tests
III. Norms and Distributions
A. The basic terminology of distributions
B. Characteristics of a normal distribution
C. Central Tendency
D. Variability
E. Kurtosis
F. Skew
G. Normal Curve & Standard Deviations
IV. Special Cases of Intelligence
V. Issues with Intelligence Testing
A. Reliability
B. Validity
VI. Creativity
A. Four Stages of Problem Solving
B. Two Stage Model of Creativity
VII. Biology of Intelligence
VIII. Ethnic & gender differences on AVERAGE
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Psyc 111: Introductory Psychology Professor Deak
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
CHAPTER 8: Intelligence
1. Theories of intelligence
a. Intelligence - a concept that refers to individual differences in abilities to:
i. Acquire knowledge
ii. Think and reason effectively
iii. Deal adaptively with the environment
2. Conceptualizations of intelligence
. Single factor
a. Collection of abilities
b. Multiple intelligences
c. Triarchic intelligence
d. Emotional intelligence
3. Nature of intelligence part 1
4. General principles
. Crystallized intelligence - ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current
problems
a. Fluid intelligence - ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations without any
previous knowledge
5. Emotional intelligence (Salovey and Mayer, 1990)
. The ability to understand and regulate emotions effectively. 5 key characteristics
. Knowing your emotions
i. Managing your feelings
ii. Self motivation
iii. Recognizing others’ emotions
iv. Handling relationships
6. Multiple intelligence theory (Howard Gardner)
. States that intelligence is comprised of abilities in 8 different domains
. Linguistic
i. Mathematical
ii. Visual-spatial
iii. Musical
iv. bodily - kinesthetic
v. Interpersonal (understanding of others)
vi. Intra personal (understanding of ourselves)
vii. Naturalistic (ability to observe carefully)
7. Triarchic theory of intelligence (Sternberg, 1998)
. Historical perspective: sir francis galton
. First recognized that genius (or mental acuity) seemed to occur across generations
within certain families
i. Developed physical measures of performance (reaction speed, hand strength, etc) to try
and measure intelligence
ii. Measures of “nervous system efficiency” did not relate to socially relevant measures of
mental ability
8. Measurement of intelligence
. Alfred binet & theodore simon
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Psyc 111: Introductory Psychology Professor Deak
Chapter 8: Intelligence & Psychological Testing
. Developed one of first tests of intelligence in the early 1900s
a. Binet’s assumptions
. Mental abilities develop steadily with age
i. The rate at which people gin mental competence is characteristic of the person and is
constant over time
ii. The IQ was later modified by Lewis
9. William stern's intelligence quotient
. Calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age
. Iq = mental age/chronological age * 100
a. Major problem - if intelligence remains constant, then IQ will drop as you age. However,
people do NOT lose intelligence with age
b. Solution - IQ is expressed relative to the NORM for a given age group, and the average
is specified as 100(to be discussed later)
10. Next generation of tests (Wechsler, 1958)
. Divided intelligence tests into 2 major parts
. Verbal - vocabulary, comprehensions, etc
i. Performance (arranging pictures
11. Wechsler’s tests - readily adapted for different age groups
12. General types of tests
. Achievement tests - designed to discover how much someone knows
. Examples - course exams, to some extent the MCAT
a. Aptitude tests - measure potential for future learning and performance
. Examples - SAT, ACT, GRE, ASVAB
13. Norms and distributions
. Standardization of tests
. Must create a well-controlled environment for administering the test
a. Normative scores (norms) provide a basis for interpreting an individual
i. Basic terminology of distributions
1. Norm - a set of established parameters which describe the
performance of group of a whole
2. Standardized sample - a random selection of people, drawn from
a carefully defined population
3. Population - a group of people who share certain characteristics,
such as age, gender, ethnicity, or other relevant variables
4. Normal curve - a particular distribution of scores in which most fall
in the middle, and symmetrically fwer toward the extremes
5. Test bias - test design features that lead to a particular group to
perform well or poorly and thus invalidate the test
ii. Describing distribution of scores
1. Kurtosis - describes the shape (width or narrowness) of a
distribution
. Platykurtic - flat, broad distribution indicative of high variability
• The impact of skew on measures of central tendency
o Which measure of central tendency most accurately describes “central tendency”
in a standard deviation?
▪ Mean is most vulnerable to skew
▪ Mode is most resistant to skew
o Percentages corresponding to a normal curve
▪ 1 standard deviation= 68% os scores
▪ 2 standard deviation= 95% of scores
▪ 3 standard deviation= 99% of scores
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Document Summary
Chapter objectives: provide an overview of difficulties associated with assessment of intelligence and arouse an awareness of biases inherent in intelligence testing. Introduce the topic of psychological testing and key elements for its implementation. Brief lecture outline: theories of intelligence, definition, crystallized versus fluid intelligence, emotional intelligence, multiple intelligence theory, triarchic theory of intelligence. Measurement of intelligence: historical perspective, alfred binet, the modern standord-binet intelligence scale, williams stern"s intelligence quotient, the next generation of tests: wechsler (1958, general types of tests. Norms and distributions: the basic terminology of distributions, characteristics of a normal distribution, central tendency, variability, kurtosis, skew, normal curve & standard deviations. Special cases of intelligence: issues with intelligence testing, reliability, validity. Creativity: four stages of problem solving, two stage model of creativity. Chapter 8: intelligence: theories of intelligence, intelligence - a concept that refers to individual differences in abilities to: Think and reason effectively: deal adaptively with the environment, conceptualizations of intelligence.
