ENVIRON 102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Cool Ground, Clear Skies Act Of 2003, Isotopes Of Radon

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10 May 2018

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Chapter 9: Air Quality (all)

9.1 Air Quality and Air Pollution

 Air quality: amounts of gases and small particles in the atmosphere that influence ecosystems or

human well-being

 Air pollution: gases and particles that are present in high enough concentrations to harm humans,

other organisms, or structures such as buildings or pieces of art

 Earth’s atmosphere = nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases

 Variable gases: concentration of these gases vary from time to time and place to place

o Ex: water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides

o Concentrations of water vary by proximity to bodies of water, air temperature, and other

factors that influence the rate of evaporation

o Concentrations of carbon dioxide vary by daily/seasonal patterns of photosynthesis and

respiration and emissions of combusted fossil fuels

o Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O) vary with the burning of fossil fuels

▪ More in industrial and urban centers

 Volatile organic compounds (VOC): organic chemicals that can vaporize into the air

o Ex: Methane  most abundant, naturally occurring VOC

o Also found in anthropogenic source (solvents, paints, gasoline, and automobile exhaust)

 Aerosols: suspended solid or liquid particles in the air

o Natural: the makeup of fog/clouds

o Human: pollutants that pose a health hazard

o Size of particle determines how long they stay in atmosphere and settle on surfaces

 Sources of air pollution can be natural or human-caused

 Primary air pollutants: chemicals or particles directly emitted from identifiable sources

o Ex: combustion and volcanic eruptions release elemental mercury

o Ex: burning of fossil fuels releases carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide

o Ex: various industrial processes release CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

 Secondary air pollutants: chemicals or particles that are produced in the atmosphere as a result of

reactions among chemicals or aerosols

o Ex: ozone is released by NO and O2 in the presence of sunlight

o Ex: urban smog = smoke + water droplets + mixture of chemicals

 Photochemicals (aka photochemical aerosols): secondary pollutants formed with sunlight

 A chemical can be both primary and secondary

Dispersion and Deposition of Air Pollution

 Pollutants dispersed by diffusion, convection, and wind patterns

 LOCALLY, gases and aerosols diffuse along concentration gradients and also through

convection/turbulence

o Ex: pavement heats air  air rises  rising air carries pollutants over cities and dilutes it

o Temperature inversion: when weather patterns cause a layer of warm air to form above

colder air

▪ Usually occur on cold night when air underneath cool ground is trapped under

warm air  air close to ground cannot mix with air above it

▪ Ex: Donora, Pennsylvania

 REGIONALLY, pollutants are dispersed by winds

o Ex: westerly winds of temperate regions & easterly winds of the tropics

 GLOBALLY, convection cells in the troposphere disperse pollutants

 Height of point sources affect the amount of pollutants in air near ground

o The higher, the more diluted/the more mixing

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Related Questions

This laboratory relates to the following Terminal Course Objective(TCO):

8 Given the two major problems of global warming and ozone layerdepletion, compare and contrast the causes, environmental andhealth impacts, as well as the success or failure of internationalpolicies to solve these problems.

Introduction

We have heard for a long time that air pollution and theaccumulation of greenhouse gases lead to global warming. In theanimation below the rise in global temperature and the rise in sealevel is predicted by a model built by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC). This model is based on a number ofassumptions on the amount of ozone, particulate matter and otherair pollutants.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

Solar radiation emits electromagnetic waves with a wide range ofwavelengths. Visible light is the part of the electromagneticspectrum that can be detected by the eye's photoreceptors.Ultraviolet radiation has slightly shorter wavelengths than visiblelight and can cause damage to the biological tissues that absorb itby destroying protein and DNA molecules. The damaging effects ofultraviolet radiation are mitigated by the ozone (O3) in theatmosphere. The ozone in the stratosphere is called the OzoneLayer. Without the Ozone Layer, it is doubtful that any life onearth could survive. Since World War ll, many atmosphericscientists began to measure the concentration of ozone in thestratosphere around the South Pole. They have noted someinteresting trends. In the exercise below we will explore the issueof Ozone Depletion.

Wind Circulation in the Atmosphere

Wind circulation in the atmosphere is largely responsible for ourweather, our climate zones, and the movement and concentration ofgreenhouse gases and other air pollutants. The learning objectbelow demonstrates the circulation of winds vertically andhorizontally around the earth.

Man and Global Climate Change

The role of man in the creation of greenhouse gases and globalwarming has long been debated. The Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) commissioned a model to judge the effects ofman on global temperature, the role of natural environmentalprocesses, and the combination of both. This model is exploredbelow.

One of the greenhouse gases that can be directly related to theactivities of man is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a product ofindustrial and transportation activities. While it is true thatother processes, like respiration, can produce CO2, it is simple tolook at the concentration of CO2 before and after the industrialrevolution and clearly see the effects of man.

Concern about greenhouse gases led to representatives of 166nations to sign the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which attempted tolimit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Therise of the global economy has complicated the issue, as isdemonstrated in the learning object below.

Greenhouse Gases and Health

In recent years we have been measuring the Air Quality Index (AQI),which is a measure of such pollutants as ozone, particulate matter,and CO2. In the exercise below you may explore the AQI in citiesacross the U.S.

Let's look at two locations less than 500 miles apart thatrepresent both ends of the spectrum of the issue of greenhousegases and global warming. Explore both virtual field trips andevaluate them in terms of whether they contribute to the greenhousegas problem or help reduce it.

Kuala Lumpur

Rainforest / Terraced Rice Fields

Exercises

Exercise 1. Have a class debate between people representing thedeveloping countries and people representing the developedcountries OR write an essay comparing and contrasting the two.Characterize each side in terms of the issues surroundingpopulation growth, energy use, resource use, and sustainabledevelopment. Find common interests between the two.

Exercise 2. Look at the two virtual field trips and define each ofthe environments depicted in terms of the global carbon cyclediagram below. Assuming that the cycle is in balance, how wouldeach site change the balance.

Exercise 3. Develop a series of international agreements that wouldlead to the kind of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions calledfor in the Kyoto Protocol and that would satisfy the concerns forglobal equity between developed and developing countries.

Exercise 4. Using the table below keep track of your dailyactivities and how they affect the greenhouse gas crisis in theworld. What does each activity produce? Are the products positiveor negative. How do the sizes (volumes of gas) of the variousproducts vary? After you have created your table define yourpersonal global carbon footprint. Do you have a positive effect ora negative one?

periwinklesalmon351

106) A fertilized egg must embed in this organfor pregnancy to occur.

A) vagina

B) uterus

C) ovaries

D) myometrium

E) oviduct

107) The opening of the uterus is referred toas

A) the endometrium.

B) the oviduct.

C) the cervix.

D) the fimbriae.

E) the clitoris.

108) When the oocyte is released from theovary, it is transported to the uterus by the

A) fimbriae.

B) flagella.

C) oviduct.

D) ductus deferens.

E) endometrium.

109) Prior to the onset of lactation, themammary glands are prepared for the production of milk by

A) the hormonal action of estrogen andprogesterone.

B) the completion of ovulation.

C) degeneration of the corpus luteum.

D) deactivation of FSH, LH and GnRH.

E) synthesis of FSH.

110) Which of the stages in the diagramabove occurs due to a surge of LH midway through the ovariancycle?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

111) Which of the stages in the diagram abovedegenerates if the fertilized egg does not embed in the uterus?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

112) At the beginning of each ovarian cycle,which of the following hormones causes the development of a primaryoocyte?

A) estrogen

B) LH

C) prolactin

D) progesterone

E) FSH

113) If pregnancy does occur, a layer oftissue from the embryo called the chorion begins to secrete thehormone

A) GnRH.

B) estrogen.

C) FSH.

D) hCG.

E) LH.

114) Which of the following methods ofenhancing fertility involves the placement of sperm andunfertilized eggs into the oviduct?

A) artificial insemination

B) in vitro fertilization

C) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

D) hysteroscopy

E) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

114) Drugs like Viagra, Cialis and Levitra arenot aphrodisiacs, meaning that they do not cause an erection,rather they function by

A) increasing LH and FSH release.

B) promoting blood inflow into the penis.

C) increasing the net movement of calcium ionsinto vascular smooth muscles in the penis.

D) stimulating sensitivity in peniletissues.

E) decreasing inhibin production.

115) If fertilization does not occur followingrelease of the egg by the ovary, then the ________ will degenerateapproximately two weeks after ovulation.

A) primary oocyte

B) oviduct

C) endometrium layer

D) corpus luteum

E) All of the above are correct.

116) Chemicals or particles in air that haveadverse effects on living organisms is termed

A) acid rain.

B) eutrophication.

C) pollution.

D) global warming.

E) dentrification.

117) Gases such as nitrous oxide and carbondioxide are called greenhouse gases because

A) they block sunlight from reaching theEarth.

B) they block specific wavelengths of sunlightfrom penetrating.

C) these gases permit sunlight to enter buttrap the heat energy in the atmosphere.

D) they block both sunlight and heat energyfrom penetrating the atmosphere.

E) they stimulate photosynthesis in mostplants.

118) The ozone layer can be destroyed bypollutants such as

A) sulfur dioxide.

B) halons and CFCs.

C) carbon monoxide.

D) hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

E) carbon dioxide and oxygen.

119) The main human activities that haveraised atmospheric CO2 levels are

A) succession and adaptive radiation.

B) home development on grasslands andwetlands.

C) drainage of wetlands areas along rivers andoceans.

D) deforestation and burning fossil fuels.

E) really negligent because CO2levels have risen and fallen naturally regardless of humanactivity.

120) "Earth's fever" is in reference to

A) a rise in the temperature of the Earthbelieved to be due to greenhouse gases.

B) the potential pandemics that manyscientists believe could occur at any time with the burgeoninghuman population.

C) current disease epidemics, mainly thoseassociated with disease spreading from animals like birds andlivestock to humans.

D) the Earth's crust.

E) potential volcanic eruptions in locationsthat have not experienced such activity in many years.

121) Certain gases in the upper atmosphereallow sunlight to pass through to the Earth's surface, but preventheat from escaping. This is known as

A) global positioning.

B) desertification.

C) the greenhouse effect.

D) thermal inversion.

E) eutrophication.

122) The largest hole in the ozone layeroccurs in the stratospheric layer over

A) the Amazon rainforests.

B) the eastern coast of the United States.

C) the western coast of the United States.

D) Africa and South America.

E) Antarctica.

harlequinbeetle415

Plant and animal products are always renewable resources.

True

False

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

Human activities are the only factors that can influence theEarthâs climate.

True

False

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

The following are estimates from the U.S. Census BureauâsInternational Database. They are averages for populations in twodifferent groups of countries in 2012.

Group A: Total fertility 1.6 births per womanover a lifetime, life expectancy 78 years at birth, and populationgrowth rate 0.3 % per year.

Group B: Total fertility 2.6 births per womanover a lifetime, life expectancy 66 years at birth, and populationgrowth rate 1.3 % per year.

Which group do you think are the less developed countries,including most of Africa, Asia, and Latin America?

Group A nations are the less developed (lower income)nations.

Group B nations are the less developed (lower income)nations.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

Which two activities are the main human activities that have ledto increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)?

breathing and decomposition

burning fossil fuels and clearing forests

livestock production and rice paddy agriculture

fertilizer use and natural gas extraction

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which option lists three important greenhouse gases?

O3 (ozone), CFCs, and SO2 (sulfur dioxide)

nitrogen gas (N2), oxygen gas (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2)

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best Starting in the 1950s, populations of Atlantic codwere heavily fished by highly efficient commercial trawlers.Catches started to decline in the 1970s and by 1990 several of thefisheries were completely depleted. Was the cod population arenewable resource when fished at that level? how impact changeswith development of technology?

Yes; plant and animal populations are always renewableresources.

No, because growth and reproduction of the fish couldnât keep upwith the harvest.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

In a warming world, seasonal events are occurring earlier inspring and later in fall. Is this a significant problem?

Yes, because species respond differently. This can lead tomismatches between the life cycles of plants and pollinators,predators and prey, etc.

No, because all species are responding in the same way. Thegrowing season is longer, so species are likely to benefit fromthis change.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is renewable and biodegradable?

A plastic flip-flop

A metal knife

A wooden Popsicle stick

A glass window

None of the above

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

What is biodiversity?

The variety of ecosystem types present within a region

Variation within a populationâs or speciesâ gene pool

The variety of life at all levels, including all of the otheroptions

Question 10

Select all that apply.

10 points

Which of the following are common benefits that humans get fromfunctioning natural ecosystems and the biodiversity that is foundthere? Select all that apply.

Grasslands and wetlands produce corn, wheat, rice and othergrain crops.

Forests prevent landslides and help protect coastlines fromstorm surges and tsunamis.

Most natural ecosystem types provide recreational opportunitiesfor hiking, wildlife watching, hunting, fishing, etc.

Mosquitoes and other disease vectors inhabit natural wetlandsand forests.

Diverse species contain countless biomolecules that may be usedas drugs or for other purposes.

ENVIRON 102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Cool Ground, Clear Skies Act Of 2003, Isotopes Of Radon

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