PSYCH-101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Genetic Disorder, Norepinephrine
22 Sep 2020
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As many as 11%of school-aged children in the u. s. 50-80% persist into adulthood overlapping phenotypes and etiologies. Adhd is sensitive to multiple causal influences (equifinality), overlapping pathways to development. Genetic/neurobiological influences: heritability estimates ~70-95% (one of the highest, polygenic (i. e. not a single gene disorder, good evidence for decreased dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission especially in frontal lobes. Not all youth with adhd have ef deficits, likewise for youth with ef deficits. Longitudinal research designs are critical for evaluating this issue. Although highly heritable, there is also evidence for environmental risk factors (mainly prenatal factors like exposure to alcohol or chemicals like lead, maternal stress, etc. ) Changes in education (long periods of testing, etc. ) Diagnostic interview (e. g. diagnostic interview schedule for children) Multi-method (interview rating scale), multi-informant (teacher, parent, youth) measures: child behavior checklist, cognitive measures of attention, concentration, and working memory letter number sequencing, digit span, arithmetic.
