BSC 116 Chapter 29: Chapter 29 Textbook Notes

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plumtermite154

12 Feb 2017

School

University of Alabama

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BSC 116

Professor

Phillip Harris

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Document Summary

Section 29. 1: land plants evolved from green algae. Many key traits of land plants also appear in some algae: ex. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs, as are brown, red, and certain green algae. Plants have cell walls made of cellulose, and so do green algae, dinoflagellates, and brown algae. And chloroplasts with chlorophylls a and b are present in euglenids, and a few dinoflagellates, as well as in plants. However, the charophytes are the only present-day algae that share the following distinctive traits with land plants, suggesting that they are the closest living relatives of plants: rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins. The cells of both land plants and charophytes have distinctive circular rings of proteins in the plasma membrane. These protein rings synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall. In contrast, noncharophyte algae have linear sets of proteins that synthesize cellulose: structure of flagellated sperm.

Related Questions

QUESTION 5

Dinoflagellates are often regarded negatively because of fishkills associated with red tides, but they are beneficial to somemarine ecosystems because

		red tides only kill undesirable fish
		their shells form limestone deposits when they die
		they form zooxanthelae that have a mutualistic relationship withcoral polyps
		they make nutrients available o other planktonic species byconverting ammonia into nitrate

10 points

QUESTION 6

You are working on a team to characterize a local lake'splankton community. Using a compound microscope, you isolate onespecimen from a water sample. It is unicellular and has aspecialized feeding groove cut into the cell surface. To whatsupergroup does this organism belong?

		Excavata
		Alveolata
		Amebozoa
		Opisthokonta

10 points

QUESTION 7

The group of protists to which you are most closely relatedis

		slime molds
		excavata
		choanoflagellates
		amoebas

10 points

QUESTION 8

Why are photosynthetic marine algae often not green colored likephotosynthetic terrestrial plants?

		they do not perform oxidative photosynthesis
		the different colored pigments absort the different wavelengthsof light in the water
		the algae are actually green when taken out of the water
		the algae are parasitized by other protists that have differentpigments

Question 1 Which characteristic(s) of mitochondria andchloroplasts supports their existence as independent prokaryoticcells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells?

Question 1 options: their size presence of their own DNA theirself-replication by binary fission all of these characteristicssupport that mitochondria and chloroplasts were independentprokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 2 Mitochondria originated from __________, which wereengulfed during __________ endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts originatedfrom __________, which were engulfed during __________endosymbiosis.

Question 2 options: aerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria;primary anaerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria; secondarycyanobacteria; primary; aerobic bacterium; secondary cyanobacteria;primary; aerobic bacterium; primary

Question 3 Saved Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the processby which

Question 3 options: prokaryotes acquired chloroplasts.prokaryotes acquired mitochondria. eukaryotic cells engulfedcyanobacteria. eukaryotic cells with mitochondria engulfed aphotosynthetic.

Question 4 Saved Though there are exceptions, __________ is acommon reproductive strategy among protists.

Question 4 options: sexual reproduction by mitosis asexualreproduction by mitosis binary fission asexual reproduction bymeiosis

Question 5 Protists with chloroplasts are __________ that maketheir own food. Protists that lack chloroplasts ___________ and arethus heterotrophic; this group is generally known as__________.

Question 5 options: parasites; ingest food; protozoansheterotrophs; photosynthesize; plankton photosynthetic autotrophs;ingest or absorb food; protozoans green algae; are parasites;plankton

Question 6 An endosymbiotic protist that does not cause diseaseis likely

Question 6 options: plankton. a protozoan. a parasiticheterotroph. a photosynthetic autotroph.

Question 7 The euglenoids are

Question 7 options: euglenoids can be all of these things.photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts. heterotrophic organismswithout chloroplasts. flagellated freshwater unicellularorganisms.

Question 8 African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease arecaused by

Question 8 options: amoeboids found in zooplankton. euglenoidswith chloroplasts. photosynthetic protists. parasiticflagellates.

Question 9 Amoeboids feed by

Question 9 options: photosynthesis, by which they make their ownfood in their chloroplasts. phagocytosis, which occurs aspseudopods surround and engulf prey. decomposing dead organisms.absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.

Question 10 Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Question 10 options: share a clade with the amoeboids. areamoeboids with shells called tests. have pseudopods, but are notamoeboids. do not have pseudopods, though they do have shells,called tests.

Question 11 A ciliate might have __________, which dischargestructures that are useful in defense or prey capture.

Question 11 options: anal pores trypanosomes contractilevacuoles trichocysts

Question 12 Ciliates reproduce __________ and have __________ tocontrol metabolism and reproduction.

Question 12 options: both sexually and asexually; two types ofnuclei sexually; a single nucleus asexually; two types of nuclei bybinary fission; a nucleoid

Question 13 The nonmotile apicomplexan Plasmodium vivaxcauses

Question 13 options: Chagas disease. vaginitis. African sleepingsickness. malaria.

Question 14 Which phase of Plasmodium vivaxâs life cycle takesplace in the human liver? In the mosquito carrier?

Question 14 options: the sexual phase; the asexual phase theasexual phase; the sexual phase

Question 15 __________ molds are found in forests, fields, andin soil. They exist in two forms, individual amoeboid __________and diploid multinucleated __________.

Question 15 options: Slime; sporangium; flagellated cells Water;sporangium; flagellated cells Slime; cellular slime molds;plasmodial slime molds Water; cellular water molds; plasmodialwater molds

Question 16 __________ are among the most numerous of allunicellular algae in the oceans and produce a major portion of theearths oxygen supply.

Question 16 options: Red algae Sporozoa DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Question 17 The phenomenon known as red tide is caused by

Question 17 options: population explosions in dinoflagellates.population explosions in red algae. built up remains of diatoms.bacterial invasion of the phytoplankton.

Question 18 The seaweed observed on the shoreline in the northtemperate zone, sometimes called kelp, is

Question 18 options: green algae. blue-green algae. red algae.brown algae.

Question 19 Ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese are made fromalginate, a pectinlike material produced by __________ algae. Anemulsifying agent used in cosmetics and chocolate, as well as thewrappings for sushi rolls are made from extracts or parts of__________ algae.

Question 19 options: brown; green brown; red red; green green;brown

Question 20 Saved Green algae are believed to be closely relatedto the first plants, and are classified as plants by someauthorities, because both groups

Question 20 options: have a cell wall containing cellulose.possess chlorophylls a and b. All of these choices accuratelycomplete this statement. store reserve food in the form ofstarch.

emeraldpanda238

1. Which of the following definitions of âlifeâ is correct? a) Life is composed of inorganic matter that can reproduce and undergo natural selection b) Life is composed of organized matter that can sexually reproduce and remain constant over time c) Life is composed of organized matter that is capable of undergoing reproduction and natural selection d) Life is composed of autotrophic matter that can self-replicate and remain constant over time

2. Prokaryotes can adapt to rapid changes in environment because: a) they have such short generation times b) they can form endospores c) nothing can limit their population growth d) they are motile e) all of the above

3. Which of the following sets of life forms all possess mitochondria a) Archaea and Bacteria b) Fungi and Archaea c) Animals (Metazoa) and Plants d) Fungi, Animals (Metazoa) and Bacteria e) Animals (Metazoa) and Archaea

4. Which of the following are NOT metazoans (animals) a) arthropods b) invertebrates c) vertebrates d) prokaryotes e) insects

5. Which life cycle phase is dominant in angiosperms? a) gametophyte b) archegonia c) microsporangia d) megasporangia e) sporophyte

6. Which of the following is NOT a trend in the evolutionary specialisation of land plants a) Increasing dominance of sporophyte generation b) Decreasing dependence on water for reproduction c) Development of structural specialisation that allow increased plant size d) Development of non-photosynthetic fungi as an evolutionary offshoot of plants e) Development of various forms of flowers and complex interactions with insects

7. All animals and plants share a number of traits. One of these is a) autotrophy b) a cell wall c) mitochondria d) chloroplasts e) all of the above

8. The multicellular body plans of different animals, plants and fungi a) are the products of convergent evolution b) consist of multiple genotypes c) are always produced asexually d) can be used to classify these multicellular organisms e) are invariable between individuals

9. The carrying capacity of populations will often be determined by: a) access to mates b) parasitism c) competition for resources d) the breeding rate e) predation

10. Keystone species are: a) predators that sit at the top of the food-chain b) the most abundant species in the community and therefore have the strongest effect on community dynamics c) species that have a strong effect on community dynamics relative to their abundance d) typically at the bottom of the food-chain e) more abundant in late succession communities

BSC 116 Chapter 29: Chapter 29 Textbook Notes

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