PY 105 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Anterograde Amnesia, Autobiographical Memory, Semantic Memory
Short term --> hippocampus
ā¢ New information sought to be remembered resides temporarily and then encoded into long term
or forgotten
Working Memory --> prefrontal cortex
ā¢ Storage bin to hold memories that are needed at a particular moment in order to process
information
ā¢ Implicit or procedural memory refers to conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do
something
ā¢ Explicit or declarative memory - being able to declare or "voice" what is known
ā¢ Semantic memory - factual information
ā¢ Episodic memory - autobiographical memory for information of personal importance
ā¢ Hippocampus - encodes new explicit memories
ā¢ Cerebellum - learning skills and conditioned associations (implicit)
Semantic Networks
ā¢ Information is stored in long term memory as an organized network
o Individual ideas called nodes --> like cities on a map
o Associations connect the nodes --> roads connecting cities
ā¢ The strength of an association in the network is related to how frequently and how deeply the
connection is made
ā¢ A ī
¶ode doesī
¶āt īeīoī
µe activated until it receives input signals from its neighbors that are strong
enough to reach a response threshold
ā¢ Response threshold is reached by summation
Retrieval
ā¢ Recall, recognition and relearning
o Retrieval - finding information stored in memory
o Recall - ability to retrieve information
ā¢ Free recall - retrieving out of thin air
ā¢ Cued recall - retrieving with a cue
o Recognition - identifying specific information from a set of information presented
o Relearning - process of learning material already learned
ā¢ Retrieval cues
o Prior activation of these nodes and associations is called priming
o Best retrieval cues are contextual cues that had associations formed at the time the memory
was encoded (taste, smell, sights)
ā¢ Role of emotion
o What we learn in one state is most easily recalled when we are once again in that emotional
state --> mood dependent memory
ā¢ Forgetting
o Failure to pay attention or encode means information never got into memory system
o Failure to store information is decay
o Failure in retrieval results in lack of retrieval cues
ā¢ Aging and Memory
ā¢ Increased activity is a protective factor against neuronal atrophy
ā¢ There is greater decline for information that is less meaningful and less richly connected
ā¢ Older adults show minimal decline in recognition but greater decline in free recall
ā¢ Prospective memory - remembering to do thing in the future, stronger with cues
Memory Dysfunctions
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