BILD 3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency, Panmixia
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BILD3 Reading Notes 10/22/18
Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations
- 23.2: The Hardy- Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
o presence of genetic variation doesn’t guarantee that a population will evolve
o gene pools and allele frequencies
▪ population: group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and
interbreed, producing fertile offspring
• different populations of same species may be isolated geographically
• members of population typically breed with one another; on average more
closely related to each other than members of other populations
▪ gene pool: all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the
population
• if only one allele exists for a locus, allele is fixed in the gene pool and all
individuals are homozygous for that allele
• if not, there are allele frequencies in the population
• ex: 320 RR, 160 Rr, and 20 rr
o allele frequency of R: p = (2)(320) + (160) = 800/1000 = 0.8
o allele frequency of r: q = (20)(2) + (160) = 200/1000 = 0.2
o HWE: shows what genetic makeup of a population would be if it weren’t evolving at that
locus. Compare with observed data. If there are differences, suggests that the
population may be evolving
▪ In population not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from
generation to generation
▪ Genotype frequencies
• Ex: 320 RR, 160 Rr, and 20 rr
o p2 = (0.8)(0.8) = 0.64
o q2 = (0.2)(0.2) = 0.04
o 2pq = (2)(0.8)(0.2) = 0.32
• p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
▪ if population is in HWE and its members continue to mate randomly generation after
generation, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant
o Conditions for HWE
▪ No mutations
▪ Random mating
▪ No natural selection
▪ Extremely large population size
▪ No gene flow
o Applying HWE
▪ Can be used to estimate % of population carrying allele for inherited disease
• Ex: PKU is recessive, causing mental disabilities. Can apply HWE, assuming no
new mutations are introduced and people don’t choose mates. Ignore effects of
survival and reproductive success and assume no genetic drift/gene flow