BIOLOGY 172 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Metabolic Pathway, Exergonic Reaction, Electrochemical Gradient

83 views3 pages

blushprairie-dog461

2 Feb 2017

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Textbook Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

They grow, divide, move, change shape, etc. All cells use energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (atp) Atp contains energy in its chemical bonds. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that sustain life. Encompasses the entire set of chemical reactions that convert molecules into other molecules and transfer energy in living organisms. Catabolism is the set of chemical reactions that break down molecules and release energy. Anabolism is the set of chemical reactions that build molecules and require energy. Depends on structure and position of o(cid:271)je(cid:272)t and is released (cid:271)y a (cid:272)hange in o(cid:271)je(cid:272)t"s stru(cid:272)ture or position. An electrochemical gradient of molecules across a cell membrane is a form of potential energy. Molecules move down concentration gradient (from higher to lower pe) Chemical energy is a form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule. Energy is required to break covalent bonds; energy is released when covalent bonds form.

Related Questions

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

greychimpanzee211

1. Energy ______

	cannot be produced by fungi and heterotrophicorganisms.
	involves ATP in living organisms.
	is the ability to do work.
	usage is governed by the laws of thermodynamics.
	all of these

2. Enzymes, which are usually _______, increase the rate of areaction by ______.

	steroids; increasing the temperature of the substrates
	carbohydrates; contributing electrons to the reaction
	proteins; decreasing activation energy
	lipids; changing the pH of the substrates

3. Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) important in cells?

	It accelerates diffusion.
	It stores energy in an easily accessible form that can be usedto do work.
	It is assembled into long chains that make up cellmembranes.
	It acts as an enzyme speeding up chemical reactions.

4. Why are enzymes important to humans?

	Because they can evade the laws of thermodynamics.
	Because they are proteins.
	Because they allow reactions to occur at body temperature.
	Because they increase body temperature.