BIOL-242 Lecture Notes - Lecture 56: Glycogen, Lateral Hypothalamus, Bloodborne

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16 Jun 2020

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Bond energy released from food must equal total energy output. Energy intake = energy liberated during food oxidation. Used to do work (driven by atp) Nearly all energy from food eventually converted to heat - cannot be used to do work. If energy intake = energy output weight stable. If not equal gain or loss of weight. Body mass index (bmi) = wt (lb) 705/height in (inches)2. Considered overweight if bmi 25 to 30. Considered obese if bmi greater than 30. Higher incidence of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, and osteoarthritis. More adults and children overweight than 20 years ago. Arcuate nucleus (arc), lateral hypothalamic area (lha), ventromedial nucleus (vmn) of hypothalamus. Some arc neurons neuropeptide y (npy) and agouti-related peptides enhance appetite. Other arc neurons pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) and cocaine-/amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart) suppress appetite. Bloodborne signals related to body energy stores. To lesser extent, body temperature and psychological factors. Operate through brain thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and others.

Related Questions

Question 2

The DSM-IV describes an "Eating Disorder Not OtherwiseSpecified" as:

self-starvation that leads to severe nutrient deficiencies

compulsive eating disorder

a variety of atypical eating behaviors used to maintain or lowerbody weight

recurrent episodes of extreme overeating followed byself-induced vomiting

Question 3

The nutrition paradox refers to:

coexistance of underweight and obesity in the same region

too mucn vitamin A in foods rich in vitamin C

poor countries that have excessive rates of obesity

obese children from nonobese parents

Question 4

Which of the following represents a nutrition transition?

decreased reliance on carbohydrates

increased consumption of sugar

increased availibility of maize over corn

lower-fat subsistence crops

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT part of the GOBI initiative?

breast-feeding

obesity control

immunization

growth monitoring

Question 6

Which of the following is a response to the drawbacks of theGreen Revolution?

WIC

high yield varities of grains

sustainable agriculture

biotechnology

Flag this Question

Question 70.5 pts

Worldwide, the major cause of undernutrition is:

unequal distribution of food

diseases (like AIDS)

poor farming practices

overpopulation

Question 8

Which agency monitors all confirmed causes of food-borneillness?

EPA

FDA

CDC

USDA

Question 9

In which of the following environments does Clostridiumbotulinum flourish?

acidic

alkaline

<40 degrees F

> 140 degrees F

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of food intoxication?

Norwalk virus

Salmonella

hepatitis A

Clostridium botulinum

Question 11

All of the following describe characteristics of the femaleathlete triad EXCEPT

menstrual dysfunction

disordered eating

hypertension

osteoporosis

Question 12

Impulsive, low self-esteem, seeks attention, extroverted, anderratic describe personality traits of:

bulemia nervosa

binge-eating disorder

obesity

anorexia nervosa

Question 13

Obsessive-compulsive, perfectionism, socially inhibited,compliant, and emotionally restrained describe personality traiatsof

binge-eating disorder

anorexia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

obesity

Question 14

The Institute of Medicine recommends a minimum of ________minutes of physical activity each day for adults.

Question 15

Regular exercise reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by all butwhich of the following?

decreases the cellular uptake of blood glucose

delays the onset of complications of type 2 diabetes

increases control of blood glucose

enhances the action of insulin

Question 16

What is meant by the overload principle?

stretching a muscle group beyond the joint's healthy range ofmotion

improving fitness by placing extra physical demand on thebody

complete depletion of the body's glycogen

subjecting the body to inappropriately high stress

Question 17

The acronym FIT stands for:

fatigue, intensity, and training.

flexibility, increase, and training.

fitness, increase, and time.

frequency, intensity, and time.

Question 18

To achieve cardiorespiratory fitness it is recommended thattraining should occur ________.

3-5 days a week

daily

more than 5 days a week

2-3 days a week

Question 19

To achieve and maintain physical fitness, exercise intensityshould be ________ of the maximal heart rate.

35-50%

15-25%

25-30%

50-80%

Question 20

In which of the following types of exercise would CP (creatinephosphate) be an important source of energy?

biking up a mountain

sprinting in the 100-meter race

running a 10-kilometer road race

playing in a football game

Question 21

Which is NOT an advantage of aerobic metabolism over anaerobicmetabolism?

Much more energy is produced for every fuel molecule.

Aerobic metabolism acts more quickly.

Harmful metabolites do not accumulate as quickly.

A greater fuel supply is available.

Question 22

An unwanted effect of an overly vigorous warm-up is:

increased muscle temperature.

glycogen depletion.

increased body temperature.

reduced stress levels.

Question 23

Each day Bill power-walks for 45 minutes. Which fuel source(s)provide(s) energy during this activity?

amino acids

glucose

fatty acids

fatty acids and glucose

Question 24

The main disadvantage of using fat as a fuel is:

the body's limited storage capability.

its low energy density.

its slow metabolic breakdown.

the limitation of anaerobic metabolism.

Question 25

Joseph plays basketball for his high school team and he isconcerned that he is not consuming enough kilocalories to supporthis activity. Which of the following would be the best indicatorthat he is not consuming adequate kilocalories?

His hemoglobin is low.

His blood glucose levels are low.

His performance has been impaired.

He is losing weight.

Question 26

Rachel is a gymnast who trains 2 hours/day on average. Shesupports her daily activity by consuming 2,500 kilocalories perday. How many kilocalories should she be consuming fromcarbohydrate sources?

1,500-1,625 kilocalories

1,125-1,300 kilocalories

1,300-1,500 kilocalories

1,625-1,750 kilocalories

Question 27

The best time to replenish glycogen stores is:

the day after exercising.

a few hours before exercising.

the day before exercising.

right after exercising.

Question 28

In which of the following events would carbohydrate loading bethe most beneficial?

cross country skiing

baseball game

weight lifting

100-yard dash

Question 29

Osteoporosis, eating disorders, dehydration, and heat illnessare all possible consequences of:

the Zone diet.

carbohydrate loading.

inadequate dietary intake.

overtraining.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most potentially harmful?

heat syncope

heatstroke

heat cramps

heat exhaustion

Question 31

Which of the following athletes would be LEAST likely to developiron deficiency anemia?

a female marathon runner

a male basketball player who is a vegan

a female gymnast

a male distance swimmer

Question 32

Amenorrhea, sometimes seen in female athletes, is:

the onset of menstruation.

osteoporosis.

the loss of the menstrual cycle.

frequent diarrhea.

Question 33

Some athletes believe that caffeine can enhance athleticperformance because it has been shown to:

increase the transport of amino acids to exercising muscle.

increase muscle flexibility and strength.

increase the use of fatty acids as a fuel source.

regenerate ATP for energy.

Question 34

Which of the following ergogenic aids has been shown to enhanceshort-term exercise and resistance training?

chromium picolinate

creatine

carnatine

ephedrine

Question 35

Consuming processed foods as opposed to whole foods decreasesthe risk of contracting a food-borne illness.

True

False

Question 36

Regular physical activity can increase HDL-cholesterol.

True

False

Question 37

Nearly 1 in 6 American adults reports getting no physicalactivity at all.

True

False

Question 38

Lactic acid is a by-product of high-intensity exercise.

True

False

Question 39

Training can enhance the ability to store glycogen.

True

False

Question 40

The primary fuel source utilized in both anaerobic and aerobicexercise is protein (amino acids).

True

False

Question 41

Studies suggest that athletes need to consume more than 2grams/kg of protein each day to maintain muscle strength.

True

False

Question 420.5 pts

Refigerating or freezing foods will kill any bacteria present inthe food.

True

False

Question 43

Most athletes do not consume enough protein to support theiradded physical activity.

True

False

Question 44

Thirst is a very reliable indicator of dehydration.

True

False

6. The site for countercurrent multiplier and exchange in the nephron is ________.
a. proximal tubule b. nephron loop and vasa recta c. distal tubule & collecting duct

7. The function of the kidneys is evaluated by measuring the
a. tubular reabsorption b. tubular secretion c. glomerular filtration rate

8. Abnormal amount of leukocytes in urine is termed _____.
a. ketonuria b. hematuria c. pyuria d. glycosuria e. nitrituria

9. In diabetes mellitus the clinical term for the abnormal urinalysis is called ________.
a. ketonuria b. hematuria c. pyuria d. glycosuria e. proteinuria

10. The possible cause of increase ____________ in urine is liver pathology o gallstones.
a. bile b. erythrocytes c. nitrites d. glucose e. protein

11. Proteinuria is caused by increase glomerular permeability due to kidney trauma, heavy mental, toxins, exertion, hypertension or glomerular nephritis.
a. True b. False

12. The normal pH of urine ranges from _____ to _____.
a. 2.2, 4.5 b. 10.3, 13.5 c. 8.0, 10.2 d. 4.5, 8.0 e. 6.0, 7.0

13. The average specific gravity of urine is slightly higher than 1.000 because the solutes it contains.
a. True b. False

14. __________ is the term for the normal smell of fresh urine.
a. Asparagus b. Nitrites c. Urinoid d. Ammonia

15. The concentration of this pigment in urine change the color of it.
a. Urinoid b. Nitrites c. Urobilin d. Calcium

16. The failure of a kidney to develop is termed _________________.
a. renal agenesis b. horseshoe kidney
c. supernumerary kidney d. pelvic kidney

17 Renal ptosis refers to the ___________ movement of the kidney within the abdominal cavity.
a. anterior b. posterior c. superior d. inferior

18. Renal failure refers to the diminish o absent renal function caused by the destruction of about ___ of the kidney.
a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 90%

19. Renal calculus may occur from crystallized glucose after high levels in blood.
a. True b. False

20. An untreated UTI that spread to the kidneys is termed ____________.
a. urethritis b. cystitis c. pyelonephritis d. dysuria

21. Pain is an associated symptom of an UTI, and this is termed as __________.
a. urethritis b. cystitis c. pyelonephritis d. dysuria

22. Incontinence refers to ___________ whereas retention refers to____________
a. inability to involuntary control urination, failure to eliminate urine normally.
b. failure to eliminate urine normally, inability to voluntary control urination
c. inability to voluntary control urination, failure to eliminate urine normally
d. failure to eliminate urine normally, inability to involuntary control urination

23. All of the following are physical characteristics of urine except:
a. Color and transparency b. Odor c. pH d. specific gravity e. taste

24. Preformed water includes the water absorbed from food and drink whereas metabolic water includes the water from cellular respiration and dehydration.
a. True b. False

25. Sensible water los is not measured. In contrast insensible water loss is measured and includes sweat and transpiration.
a. True b, False

26. ____________ water loss is dependent upon the degree of hydration and is hormonally regulated in the tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney.
a. Sensible b. Insensible c. Obligatory d. Facultative
27. ___________ water loss is a loss of water that always occur regales of the state of hydration of the body.
a. Sensible b. Insensible c. Obligatory d. Facultative

28. Fluid is lost from the body through the following normal mechanism except:
a. breathing b. sweating c. defecation d. urination e. vomiting

29. Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬The stimuli that activates the thirst center include all of the following except:
a. decreased salivary secretions b. distention of the stomach
c. increased blood osmolality d. decreased blood pressure

30. Stimuli for inhibiting the thirst center are produced when fluid intake is greater than fluid output.
a. True b. False

31. Fluid balance is regulated by monitoring blood volume, blood pressure, and blood plasma osmolarity.
a. True b. False

32. This electrolyte imbalance can lead to confusion, coma, paralysis of breathing muscles, and death.
a. hypenatremia b. hyperkalemia c. hypercalcemia d. hypocalcemia

33. _____________ may cause muscle weakness and irregular heart beat that can lead to cardiac arrest.
a. Hyponatremia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hypercalcemia d. Hypokalemia

34. Numbness, tingling, increase heat rate, and muscle spasm that can lead to tetany is caused by _____.
a. hypenatremia b. hyperkalemia c. hypercalcemia d. hypocalcemia

35. If a patient needs IV fluids like 0.9% saline solution it means the solution contains 0.9 gr of _______ to every 100 ml of sterile water.
a. glucose chloride b. calcium chloride c. potassium chloride d. sodium chloride

36. Which of the following individual will be more vulnerable to dehydration?
a. Young adults b. Middle-aged adults c. Elderly d. Infants e. c & d

37. Diabetes insipidus refers to:
a. hypersecretion of insulin b. hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone
c. hyposecretion of insulin d. hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone
e. none of the above

38. During vomiting the major loss is ___________ whereas in diarrhea there is an extensive loss of ________.
a. hydrochloric acid (HCl), bicarbonate (HCO3) b. bicarbonate (HCO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl)
c. bicarbonate (HCO3), glucose d. hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium

39. Lactic acidosis results from:
a. prolongs intense exercise b. congestive heart failure
c. insufficient insulin production d. a & b e. a, b & c

40. Ketoacidosis results from:
a. prolongs intense exercise b. congestive heart failure
c. insufficient insulin production d. a & b e. a, b & c

41. In respiratory alkalosis, respiratory rate increases and blood __________ _____________.
a. CO2 increases b. CO2 decreases
c. O2 increases d. O2 decreases e. none of the above

42. Metabolic acidosis compensate with _____________ ______________.
a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis e. metabolic alkalosis e. none of the above

43. The step in the digestive process that deals with a series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down into their chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary tract is called
a. Propulsion b. Ingestion c. Chemical digestion d. Defecation e. Absorption

44. ________________ is the passage of digestive end products from the lumen of the GI tract by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph.
a. Propulsion b. Ingestion c. Chemical digestion d. Defecation e. Absorption

45. In which part of the digestive tract is chemical digestion essentially completed?
a. stomach b. pancreas c. liver d. small intestine e. large intestine

46. The organ that carries most metabolic function in the body is the
a. stomach b. liver c. small intestine d. pancreas

47. The main function of these organs is propulsion: peristaltic waves move food bolus to stomach accomplishing the phase of deglutition
a. Mouth and associated accessory organs b. Pharynx and esophagus
c. Stomach d. Small intestine e. Large intestine

48. Which hormone will be secreted especially if the bolus contains proteins?
a. gastrin b. cholecystokinin c. secretin

49. The following target organs are stimulated by secretin except:
a. stomach b. pancreas c. liver d. gallbladder

50. The stimulus of chime containing amino acids and fatty acids entering the small intestine releases ____________.
a. gastrin b. cholecystokinin c. secretin

51. The cells that produce intrinsic factor, important in the absorption of B12, is the ______ cells.
a. surface mucous b. mucous neck c. parietal d. chief e. G-cells

52. The most numerous of the secretory cells within the gastric glands, which produce zymogen are:
a. surface mucous b. mucous neck c. parietal d. chief e. G-cells

53. The following are functions of hydrochloric acid except:
a. activates pepsinogen b. kills microorganism
c. prevents ulceration of the stomach d. denatures proteins

54. Barrett esophagus refers to an advance case of GERD in which the epithelium changes from columnar secretory to stratified squamous.
a. True b. False

55. Gastric and duodenal ulcer are both peptic ulcers; the difference is that one occurs in the stomach and the other in the first part of the duodenum respectively.
a. True b. False

56. The following are common complication of advanced liver cirrhosis except:
a. jaundice b. edema c. ascites d. gastritis e. intense itching

57. Most cases of appendicitis occurs because fecal matter obstructs the appendix. As the inflammation worsens the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed as well.
A. True b. False

58. The majority of colorectal cancer appears in the following areas except:
a. descending colon b. sigmoid colon c. rectum d. proximal ileum

59. Polyps are outgrowths from the colon mucosa whereas diverticulosis are bulges in the intestinal lining.
a. True b. False

60. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder. The damage in the small intestine is the smooth muscle which interferes with absorption.
a. True b. False

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BIOL-242 Lecture Notes - Lecture 56: Glycogen, Lateral Hypothalamus, Bloodborne

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