BCH210H1 Final: BCH210 Exam Study Guide.pdf

This is the basic chemical formula for carbohydrates. Note exceptions including complexes, additional functional groups, etc. Monosaccharides: simple sugars, poly-hydroxy - aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose, end in ose . Asymmetric carbons & structure: middle carbon is chiral/asymmetric since it has 4 different groups on it. And the chirality allows for 2 structures: aldehyde at the top (so its an aldose sugar) It had 2 hydroxyl group so its poly hydroxyl. Trioses: same basic formula 3c, 6h, 3o, ketone disrupts chirality because it exists in the middle, d-glyceraldehyde: oh on the right of chiral carbon. L- glyceraldehyde: oh on the left of chiral carbon: carbon numbering depends on carbonyl and hydroxyls. Optical activity: enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror image isomers. Ketoheptose has 4 chiral carbons, so 24 = 16 maximum number of possible stereoisomers. Epimers differ in the position of a single chiral center is correct!