BIOL1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gamete, Meiosis, Genetic Recombination

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1 Jul 2018

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Cell Division

Mitosis

Early observation: dividing cells mush up all of their internal bits,

then put them together again, starting with the nucleus- must be

important

Some are mushy (chromatin) and others are condensed sausage-

like (chromosomes)

The Cell Cycle

Interphase

Growth 1 phase- makes everything necessary to

synthesis DNA and proteins

Synthesis phase- new DNA is made

Growth 2 phase- makes all the proteins required for

cell division

Mitosis

Prophase

oCentrioles split up and move to opposite poles

oCondensation of chromatin into chromosomes

oNuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase

oSpindle fibres form

oChromosomes align on metaphase plate

oSpindle fibres attach to centromeres

Anaphase

oSpindle fibres contract

oSister chromatids separate to become daughter chromosomes

oDaughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite pole

Telophase

oChromosomes decondense back into chromatin

oNew nuclear membranes form

Cytokinesis

oThe two daughter cells separate

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Document Summary

Early observation: dividing cells mush up all of their internal bits, then put them together again, starting with the nucleus- must be important. Some are mushy (chromatin) and others are condensed sausage- like (chromosomes) Growth 1 phase- makes everything necessary to synthesis dna and proteins. Growth 2 phase- makes all the proteins required for cell division. Prophase: centrioles split up and move to opposite poles, condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase: spindle fibres form, chromosomes align on metaphase plate, spindle fibres attach to centromeres. Anaphase: spindle fibres contract, sister chromatids separate to become daughter chromosomes, daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite pole. Telophase: chromosomes decondense back into chromatin, new nuclear membranes form. Has two separate divisions: division i. Bivalents (corresponding sets of chromosomes) align on metaphase plate. Bivalents separate and move towards opposite poles (disjunction) Chromosomes reach poles and new nuclear membrane forms: division ii.

Related Questions

31.????? interphase A. cytoplasm divided between the two daughter cells

32.????? chromosomenumber B. final phase of mitosis; daughter nuclei form

33.????? chromatid C. sum total of chromosomes in all cells of a given

type

34.????? cytokinesis D. chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle

begins to form

35.????? metaphase E. chromosomes line up at spindle equator

36.????? alleles F. sister chromatids separate, move to opposite

spindle poles now

37.????? prophase G. none between meiosis I and II

38.????? telophase H. half of a chromosome in prophase

39. ????? anaphase I. different molecular forms of the same gene

Matching

ultramarineporpoise990

3. There are about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin in each red blood cell. Considering that all of the heme molecules are binding oxygen and that the red blood cell volume is about 0.1 pL, what is the concentration of O₂ in a red blood cell? (For comparison, water at 37^oC contains about 0.4 mM dissolved O₂.) Please show work.

4. Cell Cycle (fill-in the blank with prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis or stages of interphase (Growth 1, Synthesis, Growth 2). (some may be used more than once while others may not be used at all.)

__________ separation of sister chromatids (copied chromosomes)

__________ copied chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

__________ microtubule spindle forms

__________ nuclear membrane forms around chromatin

__________ separation of all cellular components into two different cells

__________ copied chromosomes condense

__________ duplication of DNA

__________ nuclear membrane breaks down

Part A:

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes cell reproduction is similar in that it requires some kind of signal to proceed, DNA replication, careful separation of the DNA into two equal portions, and division of the cytoplasm. How is cell reproduction different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Select one:

a. In a eukaryotic organism, the signals for cell division are usually not related to the environment but to the function of the entire organism.

b. Eukaryotic cells constantly divide whenever environmental conditions are adequate and the cells are large enough.

c. The linear chromosomes in prokaryotes are constantly being updated.

d. Prokaryotic cell division requires cytokinesis before mitosis because of their small size.

e. The sexual phase of most prokaryotes (bacteria) is essential to the rapid cell division required for infection.

Part B:

What does the name Cyclin Dependent Kinase stand for?

Select one:

a. A protein important to the cell cycle that is dependent on DNA synthesis.

b. An enzyme that cuts DNA so that chromosomes can segregate.

c. An enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins using ATP only when the protein Cyclin is bound to the enzyme.

d. An enzyme that rolls along microtubules dragging a vesicle.

e. An enzyme that connects chromosomes to the spindle fiber.

Part C:

The Cell Cycle is divided into Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Interphase. Mitosis can be ordered into the following phases:

Select one:

a. Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase

b. Anaphase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Prophase/Telophase

c. Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase

d. Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Anaphase

e. Anaphase/Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase

Part D:

The Cell Cycle is divided into Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Interphase. Interphase can be ordered into the following phases:

Select one:

a. S/G1/G2

b. G2/G1/S

c. G1/S/G2

d. G2/S/G1

e. G1/G2/S

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BIOL1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gamete, Meiosis, Genetic Recombination

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